Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is a promising material for photocatalytic applications such as solar fuels production through CO 2 reduction and water splitting, and environmental remediation through the degradation of organic pollutants. This promise reflects the advantageous photophysical properties of g-C 3 N 4 nanostructures, notably high surface area, quantum efficiency, interfacial charge separation and transport, and ease of modification through either composite formation or the incorporation of desirable surface functionalities. Here, we review recent progress in the synthesis and photocatalytic applications of diverse g-C 3 N 4 nanostructured materials, and highlight the physical basis underpinning their performance for each application. Potential new architectures, such as hierarchical or composite g-C 3 N 4 nanostructures, that may offer further performance enhancements in solar energy harvesting and conversion are also outlined.