Enhanced-photoreduction deposition of Ag over sono-dispersed C3N4-Clinoptilolite used as nanophotocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic under simulated solar-light

Kinetic and mechanism studies of tetracycline photodegradation using synthesized ZnAl2O4

“…In a series of 100 mL of Erlenmeyer, 0.075 g of the powder was added to 100 mL of KNO 3 (10 -2 M) solution. The pH was adjusted with NaOH and HCl (0.1 M) as needed, to obtain the appropriate pH range (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) with an increment of 1, it was measured with a Hanna HI 2210 pH meter. The pH of the supernatant in each tube was denoted as pH initial .…”

“…The TC concentrations (10-50 mg/L) were obtained by dilution with distilled water of a stock solution (1000 mg/L). The influence of pH has been studied over the range (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) for an initial concentration of 20 mg/L and a catalyst dose of 1 g/L, the pH was adjusted by NaOH and HCl (0.1 M) and the tests were conducted with variable catalysts doses (0.1-1 g/L). The solutions were left in the dark overnight to ensure complete adsorption.…”

“…One of the most important parameters that influence the photodegradation is the pH. Under the optimised conditions (TC concentration 20 mg/L and ZnAl 2 O 4 dose 1 g/L), a study on the degradation efficiency of TC was performed in the pH range (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). The results (Fig.…”

“…It has been found that the best degradation rate is obtained at free pH (86%), and the degradation is slightly faster in a basic medium than an acidic one. This can be due to the high OH − concentration on ZnAl 2 O 4 surface, which favours the formation of • OH radicals, responsible of the TC mineralization [7,9,[28][29][30][31][32].…”

“…They are extensively used in human and veterinary medicines, and have been detected in both superficial and potable waters and are highly toxic to aquatic organisms [4][5][6][7]. Therefore, the existence of TC in natural water bodies and its sustained use may pose a serious threat to the ecosystem by provoking an alarming increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can be transmitted to human beings through complex biochemical processes [8,9]. Currently, the wastewater treatment plants are not capable of eliminating these kinds of pharmaceuticals which are discharged without any control in the aquatic medium.…”