Enhanced remediation of chlorpyrifos from soil using ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum) and chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium Bacillus pumilus C2A1

Endophytic bacteria: Prospects and applications for the phytoremediation of organic pollutants

“…The amount of different organic pollutants absorbed by plants vegetated in polluted soil is presented in Table 1, which indicates that plants including ryegrass (Li et al, 2002;Ahmad et al, 2012), rice (Tao et al, 2006), zucchini (Lee et al, 2003;Parrish et al, 2006), maize (Beattie and Seibel, 2007), cauliflower (Tao et al, 2004), poplar (Skaates et al, 2005;Liu and Schnoor, 2008) radish (Mikes et al, 2009), pumpkin (Whitfield Åslund et al, 2007 and tobacco and nightshade plants (Vrkoslavova et al, 2010) can absorb and accumulate organic pollutants in their different organs. Organic pollutants uptake from soil and Table 1 The concentration of organic pollutants in different organs of plants vegetated in contaminated soil (modified Table 1 251-600 mg kg À1 shoots accumulation in above ground plant biomass used for feeding fowl and livestock consequently increase the possible exposure of pollutants to humans (Zhu et al, 2014).…”

Plant-bacteria synergism: An innovative approach for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soils

“…Therefore, the increasing cost and limiting efficacy of these out-of-date methods have impelled the progress of innovative and substitute expertise for in situ remediation of contaminated lands, particularly based on biological approaches. On-site operation of biological technology is less expensive and causes minimal site disruption, therefore, it has greater public acceptance (Afzal et al, , 2012Chen et al, 2012;Burghal et al, 2015;Athar et al, 2016).…”

“…Different biotic apparatuses that can be applied for soil clean-up are: 1) use of microbes (fungi/bacteria) to degrade carbon-based chemicals, 2) usage of plants, particularly fast-growing plants with huge biomass and 3) soil fauna (e.g., earthworms) to store or stabilize the non-degradable pollutants in their body or in the soil; and 4) the combined use of plants and bacteria i.e., microbe-assisted phytoremediation (Singh, 2009;Hodson, 2010;Banwart, 2011;Yousaf et al, 2011;Ahmad et al, 2012;Shehzadi et al, 2014;Tara et al, 2014).…”

“…It is additionally essential to screen the abundance and expression of specific genes during remediation of oilpolluted soil to get proof of the survival and metabolic activity of the inoculated microbes (Afzal et al, , 2012(Afzal et al, , 2013. Culture-dependent techniques are classical means of determing microbial population changes.…”

Enhanced remediation of chlorpyrifos by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and a chlorpyrifos degrading bacterial endophyteMezorhizobiumsp. HN3

“…Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var Taurus) previously reported to tolerate CP (Ahmad et al 2012;Korade and Fulekar 2009a) was used in these studies. For the experiment, plastic pots (1.5 kg soil each) were filled with agricultural soil spiked with CP (50 mg kg -1 ).…”