Enhanced sandfly attraction to Leishmania-infected hosts

O’Shea, Brian; Rebollar-Téllez, Eduardo A.; Ward, R. D.; Hamilton, J. G. C.; Naiem, D. El; Polwart, Anthony

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90273-7

Cited by 62 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For these analyses, we compared three discrete time periods during the course of infection, which we defined (based on the observations of our previous assays) as follows: (i) an acute phase (days 8-10), during which mice exhibited visible symptoms; (ii) a chronic phase (days [13][14][15][16][17], during which we observed evidence of enhanced mosquito attraction to infected individuals along with relatively high gametocyte levels; and (iii) a postchronic phase (days 38-42), during which gametocyte levels remained low and we observed no evidence of preferential mosquito attraction, but during which we still observed a characteristic pattern of altered volatile emissions from infected mice (Figs. 1, 3, and 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before trials comparing healthy and infected samples, mosquito responsiveness was assessed via trials with 1-octen-3-ol (CAS# 3391-86-4) vs. solvent-only controls. Ten replicates were carried out for each postinfection volatile sampling date (days 7,8,10,12,13,15,17,20, and 22 after infection). Mosquito attraction to infected vs. preinfection mice was analyzed by χ 2 tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of pathogens vectored by insects, host odors seem particularly likely targets for manipulation, as olfactory cues play a key role in host location and discrimination by both plant-and animal-feeding insects. And a number of recent studies have documented pathogen-induced effects on volatile mediated host-vector interactions (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). In addition to their ecological significance, pathogen-induced changes in host-derived olfactory cues have potential applied implications for efforts to disrupt vector transmission (e.g., via the development of chemical lures or repellents), as well as for disease diagnosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Malaria-induced changes in host odors enhance mosquito attraction

Moraes

Stanczyk²,

Betz³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

155

146

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Vector-borne pathogens may alter traits of their primary hosts in ways that influence the frequency and nature of interactions between hosts and vectors. Previous work has reported enhanced mosquito attraction to host organisms infected with malaria parasites but did not address the mechanisms underlying such effects. Here we document malaria-induced changes in the odor profiles of infected mice (relative to healthy individuals) over the course of infection, as well as effects on the attractiveness of infected hosts to mosquito vectors. We observed enhanced mosquito attraction to infected mice during a key period after the subsidence of acute malaria symptoms, but during which mice remained highly infectious. This attraction corresponded to an overall elevation in the volatile emissions of infected mice observed during this period. Furthermore, data analyses-using discriminant analysis of principal components and random forest approachesrevealed clear differences in the composition of the volatile blends of infected and healthy individuals. Experimental manipulation of individual compounds that exhibited altered emission levels during the period when differential vector attraction was observed also elicited enhanced mosquito attraction, indicating that compounds being influenced by malaria infection status also mediate vector host-seeking behavior. These findings provide important insights into the cues that mediate vector attraction to hosts infected with transmissible stages of malaria parasites, as well as documenting characteristic changes in the odors of infected individuals that may have potential value as diagnostic biomarkers of infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria-induced changes in host odors enhance mosquito attraction

Moraes

Stanczyk²,

Betz³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

155

146

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“…In the current study, we assessed virus effects on host-plant quality by measuring the rates of aphid population growth and emigration on healthy and infected plants and assessed effects on plant attractiveness by assaying aphid responses to plant-derived odor cues. Changes in the odor cues emitted by hosts appear particularly likely to influence the transmission of insect-vectored pathogens, because both plant-and animal-feeding insects typically use volatile chemical cues to locate their hosts (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Moreover, pathogen infection is known to alter host odor profiles in both plants and animals and to influence subsequent odormediated interactions between infected individuals and other organisms (3,12,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased attraction of sandflies to Leishmania-infected hamsters was attributed to changes in host-derived volatiles (16), and it is thought that odor cues also might explain a recent report that Kenyan children harboring the transmissible gametocytes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum attracted significantly more mosquitoes than uninfected children or those harboring the nontransmissible stage of the parasite (6). Several previous studies on plant pathogens also have documented apparent manipulation of host odors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Deceptive chemical signals induced by a plant virus attract insect vectors to inferior hosts

Mauck

Moraes

Mescher

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

477

572

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Previous studies have shown that vector-borne pathogens can alter the phenotypes of their hosts and vectors in ways that influence the frequency and nature of interactions between them, with significant implications for the transmission and spread of disease. For insect-borne pathogens, host odors are particularly likely targets for manipulation, because both plant-and animal-feeding insects use volatile compounds derived from their hosts as key foraging cues. Here, we document the effects of a widespread plant pathogen, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), on the quality and attractiveness of one of its host plants (Cucurbita pepo cv. Dixie) for two aphid vectors, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. Our results indicate that CMV greatly reduces host-plant quality-aphids performed poorly on infected plants and rapidly emigrated from them-but increases the attractiveness of infected plants to aphids by inducing elevated emissions of a plant volatile blend otherwise similar to that emitted by healthy plants. Thus, CMV appears to attract vectors deceptively to infected plants from which they then disperse rapidly, a pattern highly conducive to the nonpersistent transmission mechanism employed by CMV and very different from the pattern previously reported for persistently transmitted viruses that require sustained aphid feeding for transmission. In addition to providing a documented example of a pathogen inducing a deceptive signal of host-plant quality to vectors, our results suggest that the transmission mechanism is a major factor shaping pathogen-induced changes in host-plant phenotypes. Furthermore, our findings yield a general hypothesis that, when vector-borne plant or animal pathogens reduce host quality for vectors, pathogen-induced changes in host phenotypes that enhance vector attraction frequently will involve the exaggeration of existing host-location cues.Cucumber mosaic virus | odor cues | parasite manipulation | pathogens | plant volatiles V ector-borne parasites can induce changes in the traits of their primary hosts that affect the frequency and nature of interactions between hosts and vectors (1-7). These changes can strongly influence rates of disease transmission and thus have significant implications for ecology, agriculture, and human health (4,7,8). A large body of literature has debated the criteria by which such parasite-induced changes in host phenotypes may be classified as manipulative adaptations or as by-products of infection coincidentally beneficial to the parasite (9, 10) and has further debated which, if either, of these possibilities should be considered parsimonious when conclusive evidence is lacking (10). Although adaptation for the purpose of manipulation (or the absence of such adaptation) can be difficult to establish firmly, it seems clear that natural selection will rarely be indifferent to pathological effects of infection that significantly influence parasite transmission (10, 11). Thus, it is reasonable to explore whether otherwise similar parasites that differ in their mode of ...

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Scent of a killer: How could killer yeast boost its dispersal?

Buser

Jokela

Martin

2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Vector‐borne parasites often manipulate hosts to attract uninfected vectors. For example, parasites causing malaria alter host odor to attract mosquitoes. Here, we discuss the ecology and evolution of fruit‐colonizing yeast in a tripartite symbiosis—the so‐called “killer yeast” system. “Killer yeast” consists of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast hosting two double‐stranded RNA viruses (M satellite dsRNAs, L‐A dsRNA helper virus). When both dsRNA viruses occur in a yeast cell, the yeast converts to lethal toxin‑producing “killer yeast” phenotype that kills uninfected yeasts. Yeasts on ephemeral fruits attract insect vectors to colonize new habitats. As the viruses have no extracellular stage, they depend on the same insect vectors as yeast for their dispersal. Viruses also benefit from yeast dispersal as this promotes yeast to reproduce sexually, which is how viruses can transmit to uninfected yeast strains. We tested whether insect vectors are more attracted to killer yeasts than to non‑killer yeasts. In our field experiment, we found that killer yeasts were more attractive to Drosophila than non‐killer yeasts. This suggests that vectors foraging on yeast are more likely to transmit yeast with a killer phenotype, allowing the viruses to colonize those uninfected yeast strains that engage in sexual reproduction with the killer yeast. Beyond insights into the basic ecology of the killer yeast system, our results suggest that viruses could increase transmission success by manipulating the insect vectors of their host.

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Enhanced sandfly attraction to Leishmania-infected hosts

Cited by 62 publications

References 7 publications

Malaria-induced changes in host odors enhance mosquito attraction

Malaria-induced changes in host odors enhance mosquito attraction

Deceptive chemical signals induced by a plant virus attract insect vectors to inferior hosts

Scent of a killer: How could killer yeast boost its dispersal?

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