Enhanced Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation by Bioactive Glass Functionalized Graphene Oxide Substrates

Abstract

An unmet need in engineered bone regeneration is to develop scaffolds capable of manipulating stem cells osteogenesis. Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely used as a biomaterial for various biomedical applications. However, it remains challenging to functionalize GO as ideal platform for specifically directing stem cell osteogenesis. Herein, we report facile functionalization of GO with dopamine and subsequent bioactive glass (BG) to enhance stem cell adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation. On the basis of graphene, we obtained dopamine functionalized graphene oxide/bioactive glass (DGO/BG) hybrid scaffolds containing different content of DGO by loading BG nanoparticles on graphene oxide surface using sol-gel method. To enhance the dispersion stability and facilitate subsequent nucleation of BG in GO, firstly, dopamine (DA) was used to modify GO. Then, the modified GO was functionalized with bioactive glass (BG) using sol-gel method. The adhesion, spreading, and osteoinductive effects of DGO/BG scaffold on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were evaluated. DGO/BG hybrid scaffolds with different content of DGO could influence rBMSCs' behavior. The highest expression level of osteogenic markers suggests that the DGO/BG hybrid scaffolds have great potential or elicit desired bone reparative outcome.

Genetic profiling of human bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells reveals differences in osteogenic signaling mediated by graphene

“…Additionally, no study has completed a head-to-head comparison of different MSC sources on graphene. The current literature primarily studies MSCs associated with mineralized tissues (i.e., bone marrow, dental pulp, and periodontal ligament) [ 18 , 19 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 76 – 78 ], with only one other research group identifying osteogenesis of AD-MSCs on graphene [ 69 ]. Our study recognizes that AD-MSCs may achieve osteogenesis slower than BM-MSCs but are still a valid and feasible resource for bone healing and repair.…”

A Review Paper on Graphene Coated Fibres

“…After this all platinum electrodes and graphite foil residues are extracted and the suspension has salt, electrolyte residues, exfoliated graphene flakes, graphite residues are poured into a beaker and other chemical manipulations are subjected. Spectacular exfoliation of the foil is observed after only a few minutes, i.e., loose black flakes split from the foil, forming a dark suspension while the foil electrode itself vanished gradually [33]. A direct current (DC) voltage is applied between the platinum and graphite electrodes, and the electrolysis procedure lasted 2 h for graphite powder and 30 min for graphite foil at room temperature.…”

“…A direct current (DC) voltage is applied between the platinum and graphite electrodes, and the electrolysis procedure lasted 2 h for graphite powder and 30 min for graphite foil at room temperature. During this process, substances expected to work as a separator of newly exfoliated graphene flakesare added in one of two forms: a nano-powder of CaCO 3 (5 -40 nm diameter) or a saturated solution of Na 2 CO 3 [33] [34].…”

Response of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to graphene-containing grid-like bioactive glass scaffolds produced by robocasting

“…Their results revealed that prepared silicate-based bioactive glasses induced early osteogenic differentiation by increasing the expression of osteogenic marker genes RUNX2a and OSTERIX also alkaline phosphatase activity in the absence of osteogenic supplements. 19 Similarly, Mo et al 22 studied the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of bioactive glass functionalized graphene oxide substrates. The significantly high osteogenic marker expression on graphene oxide/bioactive glass scaffolds suggested that the proposed scaffolds could promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.…”

“…19 Similarly, Mo et al. 22 studied the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of bioactive glass functionalized graphene oxide substrates. The significantly high osteogenic marker expression on graphene oxide/bioactive glass scaffolds suggested that the proposed scaffolds could promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.…”