“…Consistent with this notion, we previously found that acute hypoxic challenge induces membrane depolarization when rat CGN were studied in current-clamp mode (Plant et al, 2002). Indeed, chronic stressors that increase the level of SUMOylated proteins in cells (Shao et al, 2004), including the transcription factor HIF1a (Cheng et al, 2007), and modify global patterns of SUMOylation (Cimarosti et al, 2012) have been inferred to be cytoprotective in cases where gene regulation and protein turnover are altered to conserve energy (Henley et al, 2014). Thus, ground squirrel hibernation torpor, a model system for studying tissue protection during decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery, is associated with more SUMOylation in the brain, liver, and kidneys (Lee et al, 2007).…”