“…The TE efficiency is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit ZT = α 2 σ T/ κ, where α, σ, κ, and T denote the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductivity, the total thermal conductivity, and the absolute temperature, respectively. − Generally, a larger power factor ( PF = α 2 σ) and a lower κ can achieve a higher ZT . In the recent two decades, various tactics have been implemented to modify the crystalline phases of TE materials to reduce their thermal conductivity while maintaining their high PF , such as nanostructuring, solid-solution alloying, defect engineering, and introducing multiscale defect centers. − A radically different approach may be undertaken depending on the materials with intrinsically low κ, making the PF the parameter to be improved. − …”