An approach for stealthy-to-sticky transition of nanomedicines has been demonstrated to augment the therapeutic efficacy: the nanomedicines are nonsticky (or "stealthy") during circulation in the bloodstream, but become sticky at tumor sites for effective interaction with cell membranes during capillary extravasation and cellular internalization. [2] For example, the pH-triggered charge reversal of tumor microenvironment-responsive nanomedicines has been reported to facilitate extravasation and penetration of anticancer agents into tumor tissues. [3] However, pH-triggered charge reversal cannot be realized in luminal or perivascular compartments due to their neutral pH environments. The mildly acidic regions in tumor tissues are often 100-200 µm away from the tumor vascular network, which prevents effective extravasation and penetration of anticancer agents via this approach. [3c,4] Additionally, the published work has been focused on the tumor penetration while the retention of delivered therapeutic agents at the tumor site is overlooked, which is another major bottleneck in tumor therapy.Enzymes that are abundantly expressed at the tumor invasion margin or in the angiogenesis area may serve as better alternative triggers for the stealthy-to-sticky transformation.
Efficient penetration and retention of therapeutic agents in tumor tissuescan be realized through rational design of drug delivery systems. Herein, a polymer−dendron conjugate, POEGMA-b-p(GFLG-Dendron-Ppa) (GFLG-DP), is presented, which allows a cathepsin-B-triggered stealthy-to-sticky structural transformation. The compositions and ratios are optimized through dissipative particle dynamics simulations. GFLG-DP displays tumor-specific transformation and the consequently released dendron-Ppa is found to effectively accumulate on the tumor cell membrane. The interaction between the dendron-Ppa and the tumor cell membrane results in intracellular and intercellular transport via membrane flow, thus achieving efficient deep penetration and prolonged retention of therapeutic agents in the solid tumor tissues. Meanwhile, the interaction of dendron-Ppa with the endoplasmic reticulum disrupts cell homeostasis, making tumor cells more vulnerable and susceptible to photodynamic therapy. This platform represents a versatile approach to augmenting the tumor therapeutic efficacy of a nanomedicine via manipulation of its interactions with tumor membrane systems.