“…Figure 2a shows the FT-IR spectra of the dried silica-gel films prior to calcination. The absorption peaks at 2,952, 1,645, 1,423, and 1,289 cm -1 observed in the spectra correspond to the C-H stretching, C=O stretching, C-H bending, and C-N bending vibrations of PVP, respectively [21]. The broad O-H stretching peak (3,415 cm -1 ) is due to the O-H moieties in the water, ethanol, and silanol groups.…”