“…Metal oxide-based semiconductor thin lms are frequently employed in industrial applications due to their versatility, simplicity of fabrication, abundance, and low cost. Among them, TiO 2 thin lms are particularly popular because they can be utilized for the development of thin lm-based solar cells, 1,2 gas sensors, 3,4 UV detection, 5,6 UV screening and protection of solar cells, 7 superhydrophilic coatings, 8,9 photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, 10,11 photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, 12,13 etc. In general, the efficiency of solar cells, gas sensing devices, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical devices is strongly dependent on interfacial contact area, i.e.…”