Enhanced Wound Healing Potential of Spirulina platensis Nanophytosomes: Metabolomic Profiling, Molecular Networking, and Modulation of HMGB-1 in an Excisional Wound Rat Model

Abstract

Excisional wounds are considered one of the most common physical injuries. This study aims to test the effect of a nanophytosomal formulation loaded with a dried hydroalcoholic extract of S. platensis on promoting excisional wound healing. The Spirulina platensis nanophytosomal formulation (SPNP) containing 100 mg PC and 50 mg CH exhibited optimum physicochemical characteristics regarding particle size (598.40 ± 9.68 nm), zeta potential (−19.8 ± 0.49 mV), entrapment efficiency (62.76 ± 1.75%), and Q6h (74.00 ± 1.90%). It was selected to prepare an HPMC gel (SPNP-gel). Through metabolomic profiling of the algal extract, thirteen compounds were identified. Molecular docking of the identified compounds on the active site of the HMGB-1 protein revealed that 12,13-DiHome had the highest docking score of −7.130 kcal/mol. SPNP-gel showed higher wound closure potential and enhanced histopathological alterations as compared to standard (MEBO® ointment) and S. platensis gel in wounded Sprague-Dawley rats. Collectively, NPS promoted the wound healing process by enhancing the autophagy process (LC3B/Beclin-1) and the NRF-2/HO-1antioxidant pathway and halting the inflammatory (TNF-, NF-κB, TlR-4 and VEGF), apoptotic processes (AIF, Caspase-3), and the downregulation of HGMB-1 protein expression. The present study’s findings suggest that the topical application of SPNP-gel possesses a potential therapeutic effect in excisional wound healing, chiefly by downregulating HGMB-1 protein expression.

Unlocking the Power of Onion Peel Extracts: Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Improve Wound Healing through Repressing Notch-1/NLRP3/Caspase-1 Signaling

“…In the same manner, quercetin-O-hexoside (37) was detected at m/z 463.0896 [M−H] − . Allium quercetin dimers (51)(52)(53) were detected by deprotonated molecules at m/z 601.0625 and the neutral loss of 302 amu of quercetin moiety in MS 2 fragmentation at m/z 299; furthermore, the characteristic MS 2 fragments of quercetin were detected at m/z 271, 243, and 151. In the same manner, sinodiflavonoid B ( 47) was identified at m/z 603.0778 [M−H] − .…”

“…The experimental protocol adhered to NIH guidelines and was approved by the O6U Research Ethics Committee (PRE-Ph-2303005). An excision wound was created for all groups except for the negative control group [51]. Briefly, dorsal hair for all groups was shaved before wound incision, the skin was disinfected (alcohol 70%), and then, after deep anesthesia, a circular wound with a diameter of 10 ± 2 mm was performed using a skin biopsy tool and surgical scissors.…”

“…From three animals from each group, the dorsal skin was taken and fixed in paraformaldehyde (4%) for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry analysis of VEGF, NF-κb, TNF-α, and IL-1β. For the rest of the animals in all groups, the skin of the wound area was removed and homogenized in PBS for evaluating the protein levels of Notch-1, caspase-1, and NLRP3 by ELISA [51].…”

Wound Healing Efficacy of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils in Rats: Comprehensive Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Histological Studies Tackling AGE/RAGE and Nrf2/Ho-1 Cue

“…Initially, the rats were anesthetized with halothane (1.5%) and an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (0.5 mL/kg) [ 41 , 42 ]. Once the rats were sedated, their back hair was shaved, and their skin was purified using an alcohol solution and cleaned with sterile water.…”

“…Wound induction was made, and the treatment procedure started 24 h after wound induction (day 1) and lasted for 14 days. Wound healing was observed visually by taking photographs using a digital camera on days 4, 8, 10, and 14 of wound induction ( Figure 7 ), as guided by our previous study [ 41 ]. The wound healing percent was determined using an image analyzer (Image J 2.0 software, NIH, New York, NY, USA) and considered using the next equation.…”