Enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid and sialic acid in fermented deer antler velvet and immune promoting effects

Abstract

Deer antler velvet is widely used in traditional medicine for its anti-aging, antioxidant, and immunity-enhancing effects. However, few studies have reported on the discovery of probiotic strains for deer antler fermentation to increase functional ingredient absorption. This study evaluated the ability of probiotic lactic acid bacteria to enhance the concentrations of bioactive molecules (e.g., sialic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) in extracts of deer antler velvet. Seventeen strains of Lactobacillus spp. that were isolated from kimchi and infant feces, including L. sakei , L. rhamnosus , L. brevis , and L. plantarum , and those that improved the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans were selected for evaluation. Of the 17 strains, 2 ( L. rhamnosus LFR20-004 and L. sakei LFR20-007) were selected based on data showing that these strains increased both the sialic acid and GABA contents of deer antler extract after fermentation for 2 d and significantly improved the life span of C. elegans . Co-fermentation with both strains further increased the concentrations of sialic acid, GABA, and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and amino acids. We evaluated the biological effects of the fermented antler velvet (FAV) on the antibacterial immune response in C. elegans by assessing worm survival after pathogen infection. The survival of the C. elegans conditioned with FAV for 24 h was significantly higher compared with that of the control worm group fed only normal feed (non-pathogenic E. coli OP50) exposed to E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhi , and Listeria monocytogenes . To evaluate the protective effects of FAV on immune response, cyclophosphamide (Cy), an immune-suppressing agent was treated to in vitro and in vivo . We found that FAV significantly restored viability of mice splenocytes and immune promoting-related cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], interferon [IFN]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were activated compared to non-fermented deer antlers. This finding indicated the protective effect of FAV against Cy-induced cell death and immunosuppressed mice. Taken together, our study suggests that immune-promoting antler velvet can be produced through fermentation using L. rhamnosus LFR20-004 and L. sakei LFR20-007.

Dietary L-Methionine modulates the gut microbiota and improves the expression of tight junctions in an in vitro model of the chicken gastrointestinal tract

“…Compared to other animal models, C. elegans has a relatively limited lifespan, with a reproductive cycle that lasts only a few days. Therefore, C. elegans has been usefully utilized as an efficient animal replacement model that can rapidly demonstrate health improvement effects [ 21 , 22 ]. Supplements of methionine significantly increased the lifespan of C. elegans , regardless of the source or percentage of methionine; feed grade L-Met 95%, which is composed of a single type of methionine, the L-type, with 5% of Corynebacterium fermentation medium from the production process, demonstrated the best performance of C. elegans lifespan [ 22 , 23 ].…”

New insights into immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria fermented herbal medicines

“…400%) and 30% lower levels of oxalic acid, an anti-nutritive factor ( Filannino et al, 2017 ). Yoo et al (2022) also reported that fermentation of deer antler velvet with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LFR20-004 and Latilactobacillus sakei LFR20-007 augmented the concentration of bioactive amino acids, such as sialic acid and GABA. Fermented antlers exerted potent immune-enhancing activity by stimulating in the production of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α, possibly due to an increase in these bioactive molecules ( Yoo et al, 2022 ).…”

Dietary supplementation with probiotics promotes weight loss by reshaping the gut microbiome and energy metabolism in obese dogs

“…For the lifespan analysis, egg-bearing worms were bleached using a sodium hypochlorite‒sodium hydroxide solution (Sigma‒Aldrich), and the newborn worms were synchronized to L1 stage worms on NGM plates at 25°C ( 57 ). After 3 days, young adult L4 stage worms were plated on 35-mm-diameter NGM plates seeded with OP50, IDCC 2102, IDCC 4301, and LGG.…”