Enhancement in Adhesive and Thermal Properties of Bio‐based Epoxy Resin by Using Eugenol Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals

Abstract

Bio-based epoxy resins are being used due to their green chemistry. They have better properties than petroleum-based epoxy resins. Recently, environment friendly nanomaterials have been used for different industrial applications. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are among the best naturally occurring materials.Therefore, the surface of cellulose nanocrystals are modi ed by eugenol-based silane coupling agent (EBSCA). Chemical composition and surface morphologies of CNCs were analyzed and characterized by FTIR, AFM, SEM, TEM and 1 H-NMR. The SEM and AFM results con rmed eugenol-based silane coupling agent was successfully grafted on cellulose nanocrystals. Modi ed CNCs demonstrated an excellent tensile strength (2190 MPa) and modulus (16.00 MPa), as well as storage modulus (1622 MPa) exhibited by 1wt% modi ed cellulose nanocrystals composites. Additionally, modi ed CNCs displayed hydrophobic behavior (CA=102 ± 2°). The corresponding modi ed CNCs have signi cant applications in combination of high stiffness and strength to the epoxy resins. This study lays a foundation towards full bio-based, environment friendly polymers fabrication and consumptions most desirable in adhesive and mechanical industrial elds.

Methods for Predicting Ethylene/Cyclic Olefin Copolymerization Rates Promoted by Single-Site Metallocene: Kinetics Is the Key

“…It will be possible to learn more about the mechanism of single-site metallocene-catalyzed ethylene with α-olefins copolymerization by studying the kinetics of E/VCH, particularly the association between the catalytic active-site properties and the structure of the polymeric catalyst. It has been reported in our previous study that the active centers in rac -Et(Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /MMAO and rac -Et(Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /triisobutylaluminum/[Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]-catalyzed E/P copolymers grew steadily at first, but eventually reached an all-time high of 98.7%, which was significantly higher than the maximum value of polyethylene [ 11 , 25 , 31 ]. It will be much more encouraging to examine how the activation efficiency and dynamic as well as kinetic features of rac -Et(Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /triisobutylaluminum/[Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] are affected by the replacement of propylene with cyclic diene and their endocyclic double bond effect on the propagation rate constant, R p E, and R p VCH, kinetic rate constant of chain propagation ( k p E and k p VCH).…”

“…Compared to cyclic dienes synthesized by radical or cationic and ring-opening polymerization, vinyl addition cyclic dienes exhibit excellent thermal stability, low dielectric constant, and higher glass-transition temperature, all of which are a result of the double bond cyclic backbone chain structure [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Co- and terpolymers of ethylene/propylene (EPM) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM) are significant manufacturing thermoplastics [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Throughout the last few decades, EPM and EPDM have been suitable choices for synthetic plastic and rubber due to their superior weatherability and mechanical properties.…”

“…Typical slightly elevated catalysts are based on metallocene or post-metallocene complexes. Remarkably, metallocene catalysts include sandwiches having C 1 [ 8 , 9 ], C s [ 9 , 10 ], and C 2 [ 11 , 12 ] symmetries, as well as complexes with restricted geometry [ 13 ]. Half-sandwich Ti (IV) complexes containing nitrogen anionic donor ligands such as ketimides, phosphine imides, iminoimidazolidinates, amidinates, and guanidinates are especially promising post-metallocene catalysts for EPDM manufacture [ 14 ].…”

Synthesis and modification of silica‐based epoxy nanocomposites with different sol–gel process enhanced thermal and mechanical properties

“…The reinforcement of polymers using different types of organic or inorganic fillers is common practice in the production of systems with improved mechanical, thermal, electrical, and other properties 6–10 . Minute nanoparticles are commonly used for the fortification of epoxy matrices to the inferior reduction on curing, thermal expansion coefficients, enhance thermal conduction and meet mechanical supplies 11–14 . The final properties of the polymer micro composites (PMC) are affected by several factors, such as the inherent properties of each component, the contact shape, and the dimension of fillers, and the nature of their interfaces 15,16 .…”

“…reduction on curing, thermal expansion coefficients, enhance thermal conduction and meet mechanical supplies. [11][12][13][14] The final properties of the polymer micro composites (PMC) are affected by several factors, such as the inherent properties of each component, the contact shape, and the dimension of fillers, and the nature of their interfaces. 15,16 In past decades, a wonderful amount has been conducted in the research of submicron inorganic particles, most important to the possibility of preparing composites with nanofillers, that is, nanocomposites.…”