Cu 3 SbSe 4 , featuring its earth-abundant, cheap, nontoxic and environmentally-friendly constituent elements, can be considered as a promising intermediate temperature thermoelectric (TE) material.Herein, a series of p-type Bi-doped Cu 3 Sb 1 − x Bi x Se 4 (x = 0-0.04) samples were fabricated through melting and hot pressing (HP) process, and the effects of isovalent Bi-doping on their TE properties were comparatively investigated by experimental and computational methods. TEM analysis indicates that Bidoped samples consist of Cu 3 SbSe 4 and Cu 2 − x Se impurity phases, which is in good agreement with the results of XRD, SEM and XPS. For Bi-doped samples, the reduced electrical resistivity (ρ) caused by the optimized carrier concentrations and enhanced Seebeck coe cient derived from the densities of states near the Fermi level give rise to a high power factor of ~ 1000 µWcm − 1 K − 2 at 673 K for the Cu 3 Sb 0.985 Bi 0.015 Se 4 sample. Additionally, the multiscale defects of Cu 3 SbSe 4 -based materials involving point defects, nanoprecipitates, amorphous phases and grain boundaries can strongly scatter phonons to depress lattice thermal conductivity (κ lat ), resulting in a low κ lat of ~ 0.53 Wm − 1 K − 1 and thermal conductivity (κ tot ) of ~ 0.62 Wm − 1 K − 1 at 673 K for the Cu 3 Sb 0.98 Bi 0.02 Se 4 sample. As a consequence, a maximum ZT value ~ 0.95 at 673 K is obtained for the Cu 3 Sb 0.985 Bi 0.015 Se 4 sample, which is ~ 1.9 times more than that of pristine Cu 3 SbSe 4 . This work shows that isovalent heavy-element doping is an effective strategy to optimize thermoelectric properties of copper-based chalcogenides.