Enhancement of Essential Oil Yield from Melaleuca Leucadendra L. Leaves by Lignocellulose Degradation Pre-Treatment Using Filamentous Fungi

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on the essential oil yield of Curcuma longa residues

“…The release of essential oil by enzymatic action through the fermentation process of the residues was 3.46 times greater than the control (0.35 Vs 1.21%) and 1.26 times greater than the crude material (0.96 Vs 1.21%). This increase of essential oil yield can be explained by the disruption of the structure and integrity of the cell wall, where the highest oil extracted simply represent the one with the lowest cellulose content according to Indira et al [9] and Hosni et al [34]. Actually, the synergistic action of the natural enzyme-complex synthetized in the fermented substrate was effective in destroying its cell wall by cutting off the intersugar linkages and glycosidic bonds, promoting the release of free and bound aromatic compounds of essential oils [31], since the plant cell wall is composed of a rigid complex of carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, xylan, pectin and lignin) which are arranged and connected in a well-organized manner, forming a material with a rigid and highly resistant structure.…”

“…Various techniques are used in the extraction process of Curcuma longa essential oil, but hydrodistillation is the most commonly chosen one due to its low cost and easy implementation. Unfortunately, adoption of this technique to satisfy the growing demand for essential oil production is insufficient because it's hindered by longer extraction times: 7 hours according to Variyana et al [7] and Widayat et al [8] and low yield of extraction [9,10] : 0.6% -5.5% [1] [11], [12][13] [14] over 18% as prescribed by Sankara et al [15] for aromatics plants. Point is, the recalcitrant and endogenous oil body structure of the aromatic plant tissue that inhibits the migration of the extractant and the release of intracellular metabolites [16][9] [2][10] [4].…”

“…The use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) in this instance as a means to improve high productivity rates and higher product stability is recommended [23,24]. Solid-State Fermentation is a process carried out in a solid matrix with sufficient moisture content for microbial growth and metabolism requirements but almost no free water in the system [9][25] [24]. It appears as a method of fractionating cell walls where growing conditions are similar to those from the natural habitat using enzymes produced by microorganisms [26][27] [28] thrives on solid, moist substrates that act as sources of nutrients and support microbial growth.…”

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on the Essential Oil Yield of Curcuma longa Residues

“…Various techniques are used in the extraction process of Curcuma longa essential oil, but hydrodistillation is the most commonly chosen one due to its low cost and easy implementation. Unfortunately, adoption of this technique to satisfy the growing demand for essential oil production is insufficient because it’s hindered by longer extraction times: 7 h according to Variyana et al [ 7 ] and Widayat et al [ 8 ] and low yield of extraction [ 9 , 10 ] : 0.6–5.5% [ 1 , 11 – 14 ] over 18% as prescribed by Sankara et al [ 15 ] for aromatics plants. Point is, the recalcitrant and endogenous oil body structure of the aromatic plant tissue that inhibits the migration of the extractant and the release of intracellular metabolites [ 2 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 16 ].…”

“…Unfortunately, adoption of this technique to satisfy the growing demand for essential oil production is insufficient because it’s hindered by longer extraction times: 7 h according to Variyana et al [ 7 ] and Widayat et al [ 8 ] and low yield of extraction [ 9 , 10 ] : 0.6–5.5% [ 1 , 11 – 14 ] over 18% as prescribed by Sankara et al [ 15 ] for aromatics plants. Point is, the recalcitrant and endogenous oil body structure of the aromatic plant tissue that inhibits the migration of the extractant and the release of intracellular metabolites [ 2 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 16 ]. Inevitably, it follows back a large quantity of residues that could still contain essential oil in addition of being abundant in phenolic compounds, oligomers and flavonoid glycosides with various biologically active principles [ 17 – 20 ].…”