Enhancement of Spirulina platensis bioactivity by probiotic fermentation and encapsulation by spray‐drying

Abstract

SummaryThe enhancing impact of fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and drying/coating on bioactivity properties of Spirulina platensis was investigated. The fermentation with Lp. plantarum took place anaerobically for 72 h at 37 C. Encapsulation of fresh and fermented samples was made by spray‐drying with a 170 °C air inlet temperature, a 20 mL/min feed flow rate and different ratios of coating material (1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 maltodextrin). Fresh Spirulina capsules exhibited different shapes, mostly rod form whilst fermented Spirulina exhibited a generally spherical shape. 1,1‐diethoxy‐ethane (34.02%) and tert‐butyldimethylsilyl 2,2,3,3,3‐pentafluoropropanoate (26.70%) were identified as the major compounds in fermented Spirulina. The total phenol content of Spirulina was in range from 14.22 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g for fermented wet spirulina to 77.27 mg GAE/g for fermented spray‐dried Spirulina coated with maltodextrin at a ratio of 1:1. The drying and fermentation processes significantly increased the total phenol content, total antioxidant activity and diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of Spirulina (P < 0.05). Bacteriostatic concentration of fermented spray‐dried Spirulina was 25 mg/mL against Salmonella Paratyphi A, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, whereas bactericidal effect was at a concentration of 25 mg/mL vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. faecalis. The combination of fermentation with Lp. plantarum and drying after coating with maltodextrin of Spirulina enhanced its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties by 0.7–20‐fold compared to fresh, wet Spirulina.

Exploring Sustainable Aquafeed Alternatives with a Specific Focus on the Ensilaging Technology of Fish Waste

“…Spray drying is a commonly applied technology for reducing moisture in liquid materials and transforming them into powdered products, offering various advantages and increased stability. This method is particularly suitable for heat-sensitive materials, providing benefits such as ease of use, short drying times, cost-effectiveness, and the production of high-quality microcapsules [30,[63][64][65].…”

Exploring Sustainable Aquafeed Alternatives with a Specific Focus on the Ensilaging Technology of Fish Waste

“…A noteworthy alternative gaining significant attention is encapsulation through spray drying. Spray drying is a commonly applied technology for reducing moisture in liquid materials and transforming them into powdered products, offering various advantages [31,[120][121][122][123][124]. The liquid or slurry is sprayed into a hot gas stream, where the water or solvent evaporates, leaving behind the dried powder.…”

“…The liquid or slurry is sprayed into a hot gas stream, where the water or solvent evaporates, leaving behind the dried powder. This method is particularly suitable for heat-sensitive materials, providing benefits such as ease of use, short drying times, cost-effectiveness, and the production of high-quality microcapsules [31,[120][121][122][123][124]. Encapsulation involves enclosing or entrapping the active ingredient or substance within a protective or carrier material, forming capsules or particles.…”

Nutritional and functional aspects of fermented algae

“…Fermentation enables algae with inhibitory effects against pathogens (Table 2). Studies indicate that, while antimicrobial properties depend on multiple factors, the occurrence of antimicrobial effects is occurred after algal fermentation (Tolpeznikaite et al, 2021;Kuley et al, 2023). Fermentation of algae represents a promising avenue that attracts attention with its antimicrobial properties in diverse applications.…”