Enhancement of Lymphosarcoma Transmission in Esox lucius and its Epidemiologic Relationship to Pollution1

Brown, Esther R.; Dolowy, William C.; Sinclair, Tammy; Keith, Louis; Greenberg, S.; Hazdra, James J.; Beamer, Parker R.; Callaghan, Owen

doi:10.1159/000399141

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Previously, auto-and homotransplantation of orocutaneous neoplasms of brown bullheads within the ocular anterior chamber and between the 2 cornea1 layers succeeded within 2 wk; heterotransplantation in 2 remote fish species and in the leopard frog, however, was followed by rejection of the tumor material by the recipients (Lucke & Schlumberger 1941). Unequivocal transn~issibility of infectious neoplastic diseases in fish was achieved only in a few species: the northern pike Esox lucius (Mulcahy & O'Leary 1970, Brown et al 1975, Sonstegard 1976, common carp Cyprjnus carpio (Sano et al 1985), walleye Stizostedion vitreum (Bowser et al 1990, Martineau et al 1990, and salmonids (Kimura et al 1981a, b, Sano et al 1983, Yoshimizu et al 1987). The Henle-Koch's postulate (Fenner et al 1987) for establishing the etiologic relationship was fulfilled in even fewer cases (Kimura et al 1981a, b, Sano et al 1983, Martineau et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of water temperature was assessed in walleye (Bowser et al 1990) and northern pike (Brown et al 1975) oncogenicity trials, and an optimal temperature for transmission was found in each case. The temperatures in our trial represented seasonal changes, reflecting concomitant immunologic adaptations of the fish, within acceptable biological limits for the species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the earliest occurrence of experimentally reproduced neoplasm was 18 d postinoculation (Brown et al 1975), and the latest 9 mo (Yoshimizu et al 1987), this test duration seems appropriate. A positive relationship between neoplasm induction and cocarcinogens was demonstrated in numerous cases (Brown et al 1975, Grizzle et al 1981, Black 1983, 1988, Fenner et al 1987, and ex-plained at a molecular level by the successive activation of cellular oncogenes and/or repression of cellular cancer suppressor genes (multistep theory of carcinogenesis) (Cotran et al 1989, Powers 1989. Our virus propagation attempts were negative, corroborating other investigators' results .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on the transmissibility and etiology of orocutaneous tumors of brown bullheads Ictaiurus nebulosus

Poulet¹,

Casey²,

Spitsbergen³

1993

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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To determine the transmissibility of orocutaneous neoplasms of brown bullheads Ictalurus nebulosus under laboratory conditions, 120 test fish were inoculated with cell-free, filtered tumor homogenate or with live neoplastic cells prepared from pooled neoplasms collected from adult fish in the spring. Controls received vehicle alone or cells from a homologous cell line (BB). Inoculated fish were kept at 10. 15. and 20 "C. The disease was not transmitted in this 9 mo trial. Electron microscopic examination of the 2 inocula did not reveal viral particles. No cytopathic effects were observed in primary cultures of neoplastic cells or in BB monolayers inoculated with material derived from the neoplasms. Neither a mixed bovine papillomavirus and cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA probe (BPV-CRPV) nor a fish retrovirus probe (WDSV) recognized any homologous sequences on Southern blots of brown bullhead neoplasms. However, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, presumably reverse transcriptase, absent from normal brown bullhead skin, was detected in neoplastic tissue and preferred Mn2+ as the divalent cation. Results suggest that the etiology of orocutaneous neoplasms of brown bullheads is probably multifactorial and integrated into the broad scheme of multistep carclnogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on the transmissibility and etiology of orocutaneous tumors of brown bullheads Ictaiurus nebulosus

Poulet¹,

Casey²,

Spitsbergen³

1993

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In addition, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has been detected in sucrose gradient fractions of tumor homogenates with a density consistent with that of retroviruses (Papas et al 1976). The narrow range of temperature in which experimentally-induced tumors arose and the seasonal prevalence of the tumor support the important role of water Addressee for reprint requests O Inter-Research/Pnnted in Germany temperature In the induction of this neoplasm (Brown et al 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The most convincing evidence has been provided by studies of the northern pike Esox lucius lymphosarcoma, probably the most frequent malignant neoplasm found in wild vertebrates (Sonstegard 1976). Retrovirus-like particles have been observed in homogenates from this tumor (Papas et al 1976) and experimental transmission by inoculation of cell-free tumor filtrate has been successful (Mulcahy & O'Leary 1970, Brown et al 1976). In addition, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has been detected in sucrose gradient fractions of tumor homogenates with a density consistent with that of retroviruses (Papas et al 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A large unintegrated retrovirus DNA species present in a dermal tumor of walleye Stizostedion vitreum

Martineau¹,

Renshaw²,

Williams³

et al. 1991

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Throughout North America, up to 27 % of adult walleye (Pisces: Stizostedion vitreum) are seasonally affected by a dermal tumor termed walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS) which is associated with C-type retrovirus-like particles. A homogenate from 20 pooled tumors was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and retrovirus particles were identified by electron microscopy in fractions with high reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. RNA was Isolated from a sucrose density gradient fraction which contained a major portion of the RT activity and which had a density of 1.18 g ml-' Denaturing gel electrophoresis showed the presence of a minor 12 kb RNA species, presumed to represent the undegraded genomic RNA of walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV). Digoxigeninlabeled cDNA synthesized from this viral RNA preparation specifically hybridized with a 13 kb linear unintegrated viral DNA species present only in DNA from walleye tumors. These findings strongly suggest that WDS is the result of an infection caused by a unique exogenous retrovirus of which the unusually large genome is predominantly unintegrated in tumor cells.

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Bridging science and traditional knowledge to assess cumulative impacts of stressors on ecosystem health

Mantyka‐Pringle

Jardine

Bradford

et al. 2017

Environment International

118

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Cumulative environmental impacts driven by anthropogenic stressors lead to disproportionate effects on indigenous communities that are reliant on land and water resources. Understanding and counteracting these effects requires knowledge from multiple sources. Yet the combined use of Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Scientific Knowledge (SK) has both technical and philosophical hurdles to overcome, and suffers from inherently imbalanced power dynamics that can disfavour the very communities it intends to benefit. In this article, we present a 'two-eyed seeing' approach for co-producing and blending knowledge about ecosystem health by using an adapted Bayesian Belief Network for the Slave River and Delta region in Canada's Northwest Territories. We highlight how bridging TK and SK with a combination of field data, interview transcripts, existing models, and expert judgement can address key questions about ecosystem health when considerable uncertainty exists. SK indicators (e.g., bird counts, mercury in fish, water depth) were graded as moderate, whereas TK indicators (e.g., bird usage, fish aesthetics, changes to water flow) were graded as being poor in comparison to the past. SK indicators were predominantly spatial (i.e., comparing to other locations) while the TK indicators were predominantly temporal (i.e., comparing across time). After being populated by 16 experts (local harvesters, Elders, governmental representatives, and scientists) using both TK and SK, the model output reported low probabilities that the social-ecological system is healthy as it used to be. We argue that it is novel and important to bridge TK and SK to address the challenges of environmental change such as the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors on ecosystems and the services they provide. This study presents a critical social-ecological tool for widening the evidence-base to a more holistic understanding of the system dynamics of multiple environmental stressors in ecosystems and for developing more effective knowledge-inclusive partnerships between indigenous communities, researchers and policy decision-makers. This represents new transformational empirical insights into how wider knowledge discourses can contribute to more effective adaptive co-management governance practices and solutions for the resilience and sustainability of ecosystems in Northern Canada and other parts of the world with strong indigenous land tenure.

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Enhancement of Lymphosarcoma Transmission in Esox lucius and its Epidemiologic Relationship to Pollution1

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on the transmissibility and etiology of orocutaneous tumors of brown bullheads Ictaiurus nebulosus

Studies on the transmissibility and etiology of orocutaneous tumors of brown bullheads Ictaiurus nebulosus

A large unintegrated retrovirus DNA species present in a dermal tumor of walleye Stizostedion vitreum

Bridging science and traditional knowledge to assess cumulative impacts of stressors on ecosystem health

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