Enhancement of Mn2+ contributions on improvement of electrical characteristics for sol–gel deposited Zn2−xMnxSnO4 nanostructured films

Improving structural and magnetic properties of zinc stannate thin films through nickel doping via sol–gel method

“…Doping 3d transitionmetal ions into semiconductors can dramatically alter their electrical structure and lead to fascinating multifunctionality. Transition metal (TM) doping, such as Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ and N 2+ influences the electronic structure of semiconductors 30,[34][35][36][37] . While room-temperature ferromagnetism has been extensively studied in TM-doped binary semiconductor oxides like ZnO and SnO 2 , there is limited research on magnetic properties in ternary systems like ZTO doped with TM ions 34,38 .…”