“…These researches assisted in the knowledge of the link between the structural and electrochemical characteristics of carbon-based electrodes, pointing to the possible use of carbon nanomaterial films in biosensing, energy conversion, biomedical, and other electronic systems. 38 In the edge and basal planes, which are critical to the behaviour of graphitic electrodes, chemical and electrochemical reactivities differ dramatically. Furthermore, edge plane-like flaws at their basal planes are called defect sites, which might influence the electron structure and hence the density of electronic states (DOS).…”