“…Inspired by this, a range of strategies has been developed to tailor the electrode surface chemistry for fast thermodynamic and kinetic processes, including conventional surface modification via physical and chemical treatment (Kumar et al, 2013) and creative functionalization with diverse redox molecules, conducting polymers, metals and metallic compounds, etc. (Tang et al, 2014; Liao et al, 2015; Zhao et al, 2015; Xu and Quan, 2016; Zou et al, 2017a,b). Taking into consideration the hypothetic EET pathways that refer to direct electron transfer via microbial membrane-bound cytochromes and/or nanowires (i.e., DET) and indirect electron transfer mediated by redox-active small molecules acting as electron mediators (i.e., MET) (Shi et al, 2016; Kumar et al, 2017), the functionalization of an electrode with proper electron mediators could be a powerful approach to improve interface electrochemical activity for microbial electrocatalysis.…”