Enhancement of protozoan pathogen Perkinsus marinus infections in American oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to the chemical carcinogen n-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)

Winstead, James T.; Couch, John A.

doi:10.3354/dao005205

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Environmental stress, such as pollutants, may affect the physiology of the host organism, thus negatively affecting a host response to disease-causing agents or restricting available habitat within the host for parasitic agents (Laird 1961, Lauckner 1983, Cheng 1988, Winstead & Couch 1988. Parasites themselves can also be affected by environmental extremes.…”

Section: Parasitism In Seep and Vent Musselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents

Ward¹,

Shields²,

Dover³

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Bivalve species, especially mussels, are biomass dominants in many deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. As in shallow-water environments, parasites are likely to be important factors in the population dynamics of bivalve communities in chemosynthetic ecosystems, but there has been little study of parasitism in deep-sea seep or vent molluscs. In this study, parasite types, diversity, prevalence, infection density and non-infectious indicators of stress or disease as related to host age, reproductive condition, and endosymbiont density were assessed in mussels (Bathymodiolus heckerae) from 2 seep sites and mussels (B. puteoserpentis) from 2 vent sites. We identified 10 microbial or parasitic agents in histological sections. Parasite types included 3 viral-like gut inclusions, 2 rickettsia-like gill inclusions, a rickettsia-like mantle inclusion, a bacterial gill-rosette, a chlamydia-like gut inclusion, gill-dwelling ciliates, and an unidentified inclusion in gut tissues. Parasite species richness was greater in seep mussels than in vent mussels, with the seep mussels possessing 9 types of parasites compared to 2 in the vent mussels. One of the viral-like inclusions infecting the seep mussel B. heckerae was pathogenic, causing lysis of the digestive tubules. The prevalence and intensity of infection by this pathogen were greater in hosts with shell lengths less than 100 mm. Mussels from all 4 sites also exhibited intense infiltration of tissues and blood spaces by enlarged hemocytes. Hemocytic infiltration (hemocytosis) showed variable degrees of severity that were not associated with other host factors examined.KEY WORDS: Chemosynthetic ecosystems · Mollusc · Virus · Pathogenicity · Community ecology · Parasite ecology · Endosymbiotic bacteria · Commensal polychaetes Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 62: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] 2004 ambient deep sea (see Van Dover 2000). Deep-sea seeps are located primarily on continental margins where reduced compounds diffuse from the sea floor into the overlying water column. Seeps occur in a variety of settings (Sibuet & Olu 1998) and include petroleum seeps, which are common in the Gulf of Mexico (MacDonald et al. 1990), brine seeps found on the Florida Escarpment (Paull et al. 1984), and gas-hydrate seeps, including the methane-hydrate seep at Blake Ridge, off the coast of South Carolina (Van Dover et al. 2003). In contrast to hydrothermal vents, seeps are thought to be more stable, longer-lived ecosystems (Sibuet & Olu 1998). Ecological studies in these environments are still in their infancy and investigations of parasite burdens, pathology and disease in species living at seeps and vents are scarce.Bathymodiolin mussels (Mytilidae) are one of the dominant megafaunal taxa found at seeps and vents. Bathymodiolin mussels at vents typically live in water between 5 and 15°C (Van Dover 2000); mussels at seeps are generally present at ambient seawater temperatures (~2°C; Sibuet ...

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Section: Parasitism In Seep and Vent Musselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents

Ward¹,

Shields²,

Dover³

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Laboratory exposure to contaminants can significantly alter immunity in invertebrates from diverse phyla, including annelids (Suzuki et al 1995, Ville et al 1995, molluscs (Coles et al 1994, Auffret & Oubella 1997, Cima et al 1998), crustaceans (Smith & Johnston 1992, Smith et al 1995 and ascidians , Cima et al 1997, Raftos & Hutchinson 1997. Under laboratory conditions, contaminant-induced immunomodulation can lead to increased susceptibility of molluscs to disease (Winstead & Couch 1988, Chu & Hale 1994, Fisher et al 1999.Crude oil comprises a mixture of 1000s of components, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Low molecular mass PAHs are among the most acutely toxic components, while some of the high molecular mass PAHs are potent carcinogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in immune parameters of natural mussel Mytilus edulis populations following a major oil spill ('Sea Empress', Wales, UK)

Dyrynda¹,

Law²,

Dyrynda³

et al. 2000

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In February 1996, the oil tanker 'Sea Empress' spilt over 70 000 t of crude oil which contaminated ca 200 km of coastline (Milford Haven, Wales, UK). The effects of the oil on immunity in mussels Mytilus edulis were investigated in parallel with the measurement of hydrocarbon contamination in the tissues. Initially, severe immunosuppression occurred in oiled mussels, corresponding with very high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels. The haemocytes of mussels from oiled sites showed significantly reduced superoxide generation and phagocytic activity, effects likely to have deleterious consequences for successful disease resistance. As contaminant levels decreased, the immunosuppression became less extreme and recovery was evident by May 1996. Between October 1996 and March 1997, immune activity in the haemocytes of the previously oiled mussels was again significantly reduced, coinciding with increased PAH levels. During this latter period, certain high molecular mass PAHs (characteristically derived from combustion processes) were primarily responsible for the increase, occurring at similar concentrations in the mussel tissues to those observed just after the spill. A subsequent reduction of hydrocarbons in June 1997 was followed by another, but less marked, increase in PAHs between October 1997 and March 1998, coupled with only minimal changes in immunity. The results show that immunosuppression following the oil spill was severe, but that recovery followed a few months later and the initial effects were not therefore permanent. The results also suggest that seasonal peaks in combustion-derived PAHs may occur in the region and that these would have been greatly exacerbated early in 1996 by oil released from the 'Sea Empress'. KEY WORDS: Mytilus · Immune defence · Haemocyte · Oil spill · Hydrocarbon contaminationResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Mar Ecol Prog Ser 206: 155-170, 2000 These include the induction of biomarker enzymes in fish and molluscs (Sole et al. 1996, Woodin et al. 1997, Stagg et al. 1998, Kirby et al. 1999, abnormalities in fish embryos/larvae (Hose et al. 1996, Bue et al. 1998 and haematological changes in vertebrates (Duffy et al. 1994, Walton et al. 1997.Despite the considerable effects that crude oil contaminants can exert on the physiology of marine animals, information concerning impacts on the physiology of natural invertebrate populations is more limited, particularly with respect to their immune defences. Globally, marine invertebrates constitute an important economic resource, and factors influencing their ability to resist disease and hence maintain healthy populations are of considerable relevance. Invertebrate immune defences comprise cellular and humoral components, which are highly efficient in combating pathogens and parasites and share many facets with vertebrate immune defences (Ratcliffe et al. 1985, Engstrøm et al. 1993. Laboratory exposure to contaminants can significantly alter immunity in invertebrates fr...

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“…The lack of parasites in anemones at the 200E station in June 1983 may indicate that those anemones with parasites had already died within the month following the discharge, either because they were m.ore susceptible to increased sedimentation and chemical stress or because the intensity of the parasite infections had increased when the anemones' normal mechanisms of resistance were weakened. Other studies have suggested that parasite-compromised hosts are more vulnerable to pollutants (Sindermann 1983, Yevich & Barszcz 1983), although Couch & Courtney (1977) and Winstead & Couch (1988) reported enhanced viral and protozoan infections in shrimp and oysters, respectively, when exposed to certain toxic chemicals. In the latter situations, the cause of death could not be attributed to chemical exposure alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Histopathology of Ceriantheopsis americanus (Cnidaria: Cenantharia) exposed to Black Rock Harbor dredge spoils in Long Island Sound

Peters¹,

Yevich²

1989

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Enhancement of protozoan pathogen Perkinsus marinus infections in American oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to the chemical carcinogen n-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents

Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents

Changes in immune parameters of natural mussel Mytilus edulis populations following a major oil spill ('Sea Empress', Wales, UK)

Histopathology of Ceriantheopsis americanus (Cnidaria: Cenantharia) exposed to Black Rock Harbor dredge spoils in Long Island Sound

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