Enhancement of suggestibility and imaginative ability with nitrous oxide

Whalley, Matthew G.; Brooks, G. B.

doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1424-0

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Of these, relatively few included placebo controls and some may be contaminated by demand characteristics. The absence of placebo controls in these studies is especially crucial because there is evidence that various psychedelic drugs enhance suggestibility (for a review, see Whalley and Brooks, 2009) and thus may augment participants’ susceptibility to demand characteristics. Furthermore, relatively little information is available regarding dosage, which may be crucial (Studerus, 2013), or the time course of the phenomenon (i.e., onset and duration).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, we have found examples where drug-induced hallucinations (e.g., Cooles, 1980) that lack an unequivocal inducer-concurrent association pattern are incorrectly interpreted as synaesthesias (Ballesteros et al, 2006; see also Terhune and Cohen Kadosh, 2012). Finally, an increase in suggestibility following the ingestion of psychedelic drugs (Whalley and Brooks, 2009) may account for the occurrence of synaesthesia-like experiences that appear to be the product of absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

Luke

Terhune

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Despite the general consensus that synaesthesia emerges at an early developmental stage and is only rarely acquired during adulthood, the transient induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents has been frequently reported in research on different psychoactive substances. Nevertheless, these effects remain poorly understood and have not been systematically incorporated. Here we review the known published studies in which chemical agents were observed to elicit synaesthesia. Across studies there is consistent evidence that serotonin agonists elicit transient experiences of synaesthesia. Despite convergent results across studies, studies investigating the induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents have numerous methodological limitations and little experimental research has been conducted. Cumulatively, these studies implicate the serotonergic system in synaesthesia and have implications for the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon but methodological limitations in this research area preclude making firm conclusions regarding whether chemical agents can induce genuine synaesthesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

Luke

Terhune

2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…Research using the twin study methodology further suggests that hypnotic suggestibility is hereditable (Morgan, 1973;Morgan, Hilgard, & Davert, 1970), although only preliminary research has been conducted on its genetic basis, with conflicting results (Rominger et al, 2014). There is evidence that suggestibility can be modified through pharmacological (Whalley & Brooks, 2009) and psychological (Gorassini, 2004) interventions, although the magnitude and reliability of these effects is poorly understood.…”

Section: A Hypnosis Primer: Measurement Individual Differences and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypnosis and top-down regulation of consciousness

Terhune

Cleeremans

Raz

et al. 2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

143

165

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Hypnosis is a unique form of top-down regulation in which verbal suggestions are capable of eliciting pronounced changes in a multitude of psychological phenomena. Hypnotic suggestion has been widely used both as a technique for studying basic science questions regarding human consciousness but also as a method for targeting a range of symptoms within a therapeutic context. Here we provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the characteristics and neurocognitive mechanisms of hypnosis. We review evidence from cognitive neuroscience, experimental psychopathology, and clinical psychology regarding the utility of hypnosis as an experimental method for modulating consciousness, as a model for studying healthy and pathological cognition, and as a therapeutic vehicle. We also highlight the relationships between hypnosis and other psychological phenomena, including the broader domain of suggestion and suggestibility and conclude by identifying the most salient challenges confronting the nascent cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and outlining future directions for research on hypnosis and suggestion.

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“…Some of this research has focused on psychological approaches, including restricted environmental stimulation (Darkjy, Barabasz, & Barabasz, 2015), magnetic brain stimulation (Dienes & Hutton, 2013) and neurofeedback to increase slow wave activity (Jensen et al, 2016). Pharmacologic approaches to enhancing hypnotizability have also been explored, with several agents showing potential benefit, including nitrous oxide (Whalley & Brooks, 2009), cannabis (Kelly, Fisher, & Kelly, 1978), low amounts of ethanol (Semmens-Wheeler, Dienes, & Duka, 2013), diazepam (Gibson, Corcoran, & Curran, 1977), oxytocin (Bryant, Hung, Dobson-Stone, & Schofied, 2013; Bryant, Hung, Guastella, & Mitchell, 2012; Bryant & Hung, 2013), and methylphenidate (Lotan, Bonne, & Abramowitz, 2015). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

KETAMINE AS A POSSIBLE MODERATOR OF HYPNOTIZABILITY: A Feasibility Study

Patterson

Hoffer

Jensen

et al. 2018

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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This pilot study explored the feasibility of using ketamine to increase hypnotizability scores. Ketamine, classified as a dissociative hallucinogen, is used clinically as an anesthetic in high doses and as a treatment for chronic pain and depression in lower doses. Low dose ketamine can contribute to dissociation and heightened perceptions and feelings of detachment, arguably hypnotic-like states. The authors predicted that a low dose of ketamine in healthy volunteers who scored in the low hypnotizable range on the Stanford Clinical Hypnotizability Scale would (1) report an increase in subjective ratings of dissociation and (2) demonstrate an increase in hypnotizability. The findings were in the predicted direction, warranting further investigation into the use of this agent to increase hypnotizability.

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Enhancement of suggestibility and imaginative ability with nitrous oxide

Abstract: Nitrous oxide increased imaginative suggestibility and imaginative ability. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed with respect to the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists and to other pharmacological effects upon suggestibility and imagination.

Cited by 36 publications

References 33 publications

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

Hypnosis and top-down regulation of consciousness

KETAMINE AS A POSSIBLE MODERATOR OF HYPNOTIZABILITY: A Feasibility Study

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