“…Although Pt-based catalysts are traditionally used for the fuel cell reactions, surface blocking by poisoning species and Pt dissolution limits the use of Pt-based electrocatalysts for practical applications. , Recently, Pd-based electrocatalysts have been suggested as alternative catalysts for Pt. ,, Although Pd-based catalysts do not suffer severe catalyst poisoning, the monometallic Pd still has poor electrocatalytic activity toward EGOR and ORR. In the case of EGOR, accumulation of carbonaceous species on the Pd-active surface significantly affects the electrocatalytic activity. ,− The d-band center of Pd is higher than that of Pt, and it is known to be poorly active toward oxidation and reduction reactions involving oxygen-containing species due to the strong adsorption of oxygenated species. , Alloying with transition metal shifts the d-band center of Pd downward through the Fermi level and weakens the bonding of surface-adsorbed species. − For instance, Pd–Ag, Pd–Cu, Pd–Sn, and Pd–Pb bimetallic alloys, bimodified Pd, PdCuNi, and PdCoCu trimetallic alloy electrocatalysts, etc., have been studied in the past for electrocatalytic applications. − Several Pd-based intermetallics have also shown promising activity toward cathodic reduction of oxygen , and anodic oxidation of fuel. , …”