Enhancement of X-ray Induced Apoptosis by Mobile Phone-Like Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Mouse Spermatocyte-Derived Cells

Abstract

To explore the combined effects of environmental radio-frequency (RF) field and X-ray, mouse spermatocyte-derived (GC-1) cells were exposed to 1950 MHz RF field at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3 W/kg for 24 h combined with or without X-ray irradiation at 6 Gy. After treatment, the cell proliferation level was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay and 5-Bromo-2-deoxy Uridine (BrdU) enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay. The apoptosis level was detected by annexin V flow cytometry assay, transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) Assay and Caspase-3 Activity Assay. It was found that the proliferation and apoptosis level did not change in GC-1 cells after RF exposure alone. However, compared with the X-ray group, the proliferation level significantly decreased and the apoptotic rate significantly increased in the RF+X-ray group. Moreover, a significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression and increase in Bax protein expression were observed. The findings suggested that RF exposure at SAR of 3 W/kg did not affect apoptosis and proliferation in GC-1 cells by itself, but that it did enhance the effects of X-ray induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis, in which B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) might be involved.

Cathodal tDCS exerts neuroprotective effect in rat brain after acute ischemic stroke

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Protective Effects of Polydatin on Reproductive Injury Induced by Ionizing Radiation

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Comment on “Mobile phone radiofrequency exposure has no effect on DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in human lymphocytes”

“…Over the past decade, my colleagues and I have studied the health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by mobile phones (2-12). The first major shortcoming of this paper comes from this point that the authors have not measured the key factors such as the specific absorption rate (SAR) (13)(14)(15)(16) in their blood samples. They even have not provided any information about the SAR level of the mobile phone used in their study or the power density (17,18) at the distance they placed the samples.…”