Enhancing capacity of lithium spinel via chlorination and triple doping with transition metals for next generation lithium based batteries

Chlorine-assisted synthesis of Mn-deficient LiMn2O4 spinel with ultra-high-rate capability and long-term cyclability in half and full Li ion cells

“…37,38 Furthermore, this decrease in unit cell volume does not support the substitution of O 2− by Cl − , with ionic radii 140 and 167 pm, respectively, as reported in chlorine-doped spinels. 22,39 The Li 2 MnO 3 phase was refined in the monoclinic system (SG C /2 m ) based on the structure reported by Strobel and Lambert-Andron, 40 and its content was around 20 (5)% w/w. The formation of the layered Li 2 MnO 3 phase in the preparation of the LiMn 2 O 4 spinel has also been detected when the synthesis is carried out at higher temperatures (above 800 °C).…”

Lithium-Ion Conductivity Epitaxial Layer Contributing to the Structure and Cycling Stability of LiMn2O4 Cathodes

“…For surface modification, a wide range of coating materials, including metal oxides, , phosphates, fluorides, and polymers, were used to modify the cathode materials. With recent developments in solid electrolytes for LIBs, fast Li + conductors with good ion transport channels have also been used as a cladding for spinel materials. − Unfortunately, most surface modifications result in attachment layers with low ionic/electronic conductivity or poor mechanical properties due to the choice of coating type and process, which is detrimental to the rate performance and even reversible capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 . Therefore, although much progress has been achieved, more investigations on appropriate material type and cost-effective synthetic methods are needed to optimize the coating of spinel-type cathodes.…”