Enhancing early breast milk for sick and preterm neonates admitted at regional referral hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Abstract

Background: Feeding is a cornerstone in the management of sick or preterm neonates and early initiation of breastfeeding is the single most effective intervention associated with reduced neonatal mortality. However, enteral feeding is often delayed due to haemodynamic instability and the perceived risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Alternative routes for early breast milk administration are either oropharyngeal colostrum or minimal enteral nutrition. One strategy to overcome delays in enteral feeds is the implementation of standardized feeding guidelines.Methods: This study was conducted in three regional hospitals in Dar es Salaam, consisting of a historical control group at baseline and an intervention group after implementation of locally developed feeding guidelines. Neonates were consecutively recruited and followed to a maximum of 28 days of life. The controls received routine standard care, while the intervention group received early enteral feeding. The outcomes measured were NEC, time to regain birth weight and neonatal mortality. Odds ratio was used to determine the association between feeding and outcomes, statistical significance was considered when p-value ≤0.05.Results: 292 neonates were enrolled in this study, 163 (55.8%) controls at baseline and 129 (44.2%) after the intervention. Study participants comprised of 130 (44.5%) neonates with very low birth weight and 162 (55.5%) with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The mean age of initiating feeding was 45.34 ± 21.58 SD hours amongst the controls and 8.43 ± 3.02 SD hours in the intervention group. Overall, 1.4% (4 cases) of the neonates were diagnosed with NEC, 1.8% (3 cases) in the control group and 0.8 % (1 case) in the intervention group (P=0.4; 95% CI: 0.25-23.3). The mean duration of regaining birth weight was significantly reduced from 11.26 ± 4.34 SD days among controls to 8.25 ± 2.96 SD days in the intervention group (p=0.000; 95% CI: 1.61 - 4.41). Mortality in this high-risk groups of neonates remained high (40.8%), without significant difference between the control (41.7%) and intervention group (39.5%). Conclusions: Neonates who received early breast milk feeding following the implementation of feeding guidelines significantly regained birth weight earlier. No association was demonstrated between early breast milk feeding and increased NEC or mortality.

Initiation Time of Trophic Feeding and Associated Factors Among Preterm Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

“…Finally, the hazard of initiating trophic feeding in preterm neonate who have hemodynamic instability was 54% less compared to those who do not have it. This is in line with studies conducted in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Spain [14,21,22]. The potential risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in these patients, might be the reason for the delayed initiation of TF.…”

The time to initiate trophic feeding and its predictors among preterm neonate admitted to neonatal intensive care unit, Multicenter study, Northwest Ethiopia

“…This finding is supported by an observational study in Spain that reported hemodynamic instabilities were the reason for the delay to start TF in 100% of the neonates [ 39 ]. Another study conducted in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania showed hemodynamic instability and its perceived risk of necrotizing enterocolitis was the reason for the delayed initiation of TF [ 46 ].…”

The Time to Initiate Trophic Feeding and Its Predictors Among Preterm Neonate Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Multicenter Study, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.

“…This nding is supported by an observational study in Spain that reported hemodynamic instabilities were the reason for the delay to start TF in 100% of the neonates (35). Another study conducted in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania showed hemodynamic instability and its perceived risk of necrotizing enterocolitis was the reason for the delayed initiation of TF (39).…”