Enhancing Female Employment in Global Production

Gender Inequality in the Public Sector in Pakistan

“…This study found that women had to cover childcare expenses themselves (Respondent ID: 036) and often had to employ domestic servants to cover domestic work. This supports the argument of Barrientos and Kabeer (2004) that the nonprovision of childcare affects the gender gap in earnings, promotion, long-term patterns of participation in the workforce, and even the type of employment: "the reliable provision of childcare is critical to 'levelling the playing field' as well as to ensuring the welfare of children" (ibid. : 155).…”

“…There are trade-offs for working women; they get access to some capital by working but it is taken away in the costs of the arrangements they have to make for childcare and the like, which typically the husband does not contribute to. The lack of childcare and other facilities not only affects women's earnings but may also be related to decision about whether to join and continue in the public sector (Barrientos and Kabeer 2004).…”

Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries

“…As Barrientos and Kabeer (2004) have pointed out, care tasks are gendered in places around the world. While policies on care may differ greatly between low-income and high-income countries, the issues are universal.…”

“…Their work shows us that women's attachment to paid labor is rarely, if ever, unconditional. Around the world, women divide their time between household work, child rearing, home making, family enterprises, and the formal or informal labor market (Bardasi & Gornick, 2000;Barrientos & Kabeer, 2004). Women might both work or stay at home out of sheer necessity, societal status, or beliefs (Haas, Steiber, Hartel, & Wallace, 2006).…”

“…As Barrientos and Kabeer (2004) point out, the burden of domestic and care work is an impediment for working women in countries at any level of development. Care burdens, either by the extent to which they exist or their incompatibility with paid work, have the potential to hinder female labor force participation.…”