Enhancing fish stocks with wave-powered artificial upwelling

Kirke, Brian

doi:10.1016/s0964-5691(03)00067-x

Cited by 50 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This phytoplankton biomass aggregation around the ARs promoted nutrient regeneration, which traps drifting organic materials and favors the accumulation of marine organisms and planktons (Figs. 6 and 7;Falcão et al, 2007;Kirke, 2003). Given the modification of flow fields and the increase in surface area in AR modules, nutrients varied and reef biota (such as plankton and attaching organisms) accumulated because of the flow-field modification and increase in surface area in the AR modules, and a habitat that was rich in bait for fish was eventually developed (Fig.…”

Section: Ecological Effects Of Ars In Daya Baymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological effects of artificial reefs in Daya Bay of China observed from satellite and in situ measurements

Chen

Tang

et al. 2015

Advances in Space Research

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Section: Ecological Effects Of Ars In Daya Baymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological effects of artificial reefs in Daya Bay of China observed from satellite and in situ measurements

Chen

Tang

et al. 2015

Advances in Space Research

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“…One of them is to cause upwelling using surface wave energy (Kirke 2003). Wave-powered inertia pump theory (Liu 1999), using a simple pump design originally conceived by Isaacs et al (1976), predicts a volume transport of 0.45 m 3 s −1 from a depth of 300 m employing a 1.2-m diameter rigid tube.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wave-powered inertia pump theory (Liu 1999), using a simple pump design originally conceived by Isaacs et al (1976), predicts a volume transport of 0.45 m 3 s −1 from a depth of 300 m employing a 1.2-m diameter rigid tube. Using a "Bristol Cylinder" (Davis 1990) of 21.5 m diameter and 40 m length, Kirke (2003) estimated that a power of 1328 kW could be obtained in 1.9-m Hawaiian swells and pointed out that such a power would be able to raise 50 m 3 s −1 of water from a depth of 500 m. A recent attempt (White et al 2010) used an Isaacs wave pump mechanism consisting of a 300-m-long flexible tube with a one-way valve at the deeper end and the upper end attached by a 15-m cable to a surface buoy. However, this experiment was interrupted early due to material failure caused by the vertical shear and stress of water currents on the tube's flexible material (Kithil 2011, White et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial upwelling using offshore wind energy for mariculture applications

Viúdez¹,

Balsells²,

Rodríguez-Marroyo³

2016

Sci. Mar.

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Summary: Offshore wind is proposed as an energy source to upwell nutrient-rich deep water to the ocean photic layers. A spar-buoy wind turbine with a rigid tube about 300 m long is proposed as a pipe to drive deep water up to the surface. The minimum energy required to uplift the water is the potential energy difference between surface waters inside and outside the pipe, which depends on the background density profile. The corresponding surface jump or hydraulic head, h, calculated for several analytical and experimental density profiles, is of the order of 10 cm. If the complete turbine power (of the order of several MW) is used for raising the water (assuming a 100% pump efficiency), in a frictionless flow, very large water volumes, of the order of thousands of m 3 s −1 , will be transported to the photic layers. In a more realistic case, taking into account pipe friction in wide pipes, of the order of 10 m radius, and a power delivered to the fluid of 1 MW, the volume transport is still very large, about 500 m 3 s −1 . However, such a large amount of dense water could sink fast to aphotic layers due to vertical static instability (the fountain effect), ruining the enhancement of primary production. Hence, some ways to increase the turbulent entrainment and avoid the fountain effect are proposed. From the energetic viewpoint, artificial upwelling using offshore wind energy is a promising way to fertilize large open sea regions. This mariculture application is, however, severely subjected to atmosphere and ocean climatology, as well as to ecological dynamics. The general problem is multidisciplinary, and some important physical, engineering and ecological questions need to be seriously addressed to improve our confidence in the approach presented here.Keywords: artificial upwelling; mariculture applications; ocean fertilization; offshore wind energy; spar-buoy wind turbine.Afloramiento artificial producido con energía eólica con aplicación a la maricultura Resumen: Analizamos el uso de la energía eólica marina como fuente de energía para aflorar aguas profundas ricas en nutrientes a las capas fóticas del océano. Una turbina de viento tipo boya-pértiga, con un tubo rígido de unos 300 m de largo, se propone para transportar las aguas profundas hasta la superficie. La energía mínima necesaria para elevar el agua es la diferencia de energa potencial entre las aguas superficiales dentro y fuera de la tubería, que depende del perfil de densidad de fondo. El salto superficial de agua, o cabezal hidráulico h, calculado para varios perfiles analíticos y experimentales de densidad, resulta ser del orden de 10 cm. Si la potencia total de la turbina (del orden de varios MW) se utiliza para elevar el agua (suponiendo una eficiencia de la bomba del 100%), en un flujo sin fricción, el transporte de volumen de agua transportado a las capas fóticas es muy elevado, del orden de miles de m 3 s −1 . En un caso más realista, teniendo en cuenta la fricción en tuberías de un ancho del orden de 10 m radio, y una potencia proporcionada...

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“…The presence of these man-made reef structures will affect: i) nearby sandy areas and also ii) water column processes in the vicinity of ARs. Habitat linkages among distinct reef compartments are driven by hydrological processes (changes in water flow patterns), sediment type, geomorphological, chemicalphysical and biological processes (FABI et al, 2002;KIRKE, 2003;DEDIEU et al, 2007;FALCÃO et al, 2007FALCÃO et al, , 2009) and also biotic processes (YANAGI;NAKAJIMA, 1991;LINDQUIST et al, 1994;PEPE et al, 1998;SHENG, 2000;DALE;PREGO, 2002;POLUNIN, 2001;FABI et al 2006;EINBINDER et al, 2006). AR structures can affect biological processes differently within different reef compartments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This promotes upwelling (YANAGI; NAKAJIMA, 1991;KIRKE, 2003;MARUYAMA, 2004), bringing nutrient rich AR bottom benthic waters (compared to control areas, see: HAROUN et al, 1994;AMBROSE;ANDERSON, 1990;FALCÃO et al, 2007FALCÃO et al, , 2009) into the water column, thereby enhancing biological production (RELINI et al, 1994;PERKOL-FINKEL;BENAYAHU, 2005). Planktonic community development in the areas surrounding ARs has been found to be in accordance with nutrients (ammonium, organic nitrogen) and particulate organic matter (POM) time evolution series (YANAGI; NAKAJIMA, 1991;FALCÃO et al, 2007FALCÃO et al, , 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial reefs: from ecological processes to fishing enhancement tools

Leitão

2013

Braz. j. oceanogr.

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Enhancing fish stocks with wave-powered artificial upwelling

Cited by 50 publications

References 6 publications

Ecological effects of artificial reefs in Daya Bay of China observed from satellite and in situ measurements

Ecological effects of artificial reefs in Daya Bay of China observed from satellite and in situ measurements

Artificial upwelling using offshore wind energy for mariculture applications

Artificial reefs: from ecological processes to fishing enhancement tools

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