Enhancing Glycemic Control via Detection of Insulin Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract

An insulin biosensor prototype capable of detecting insulin in physiological range without complex data normalization was developed. This prototype will be the ground works of a multimarker platform sensor technology for future all-in-one glycemic management sensors.

Smart Pens Will Improve Insulin Therapy

“…In the future clinicians will be working within a "Digital Diabetes Ecosystem" that combines the Internet of Medical Things (connected physiological and behavioral sensors embedded within multiple medical devices worn or used by an individual) and the new smart pens to support insulin therapy with continuous access to the Internet. 10 We expect that insulin dosing data combined with real time continuous plasma insulin data, 11 together enhanced with the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to support dose calculations, will eventually predict and prevent adverse events such as hypoglycemia. These predictions will be possible at a much earlier time when an intervention is more likely to be successful.…”

The Development of a Glucose Dehydrogenase 3D-Printed Glucose Sensor: A Proof-of-Concept Study

“…5,6 To prevent diabetes related complications, blood glucose levels must be tested and corrected several times a day. [7][8][9][10] The standard practice for testing blood glucose levels involves using a self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) device. SMBG devices are the most widely used monitoring technology for individuals with diabetes.…”

“…5,6 To prevent diabetes related complications, blood glucose levels must be tested and corrected several times a day. 7-10…”

Towards the Future Development of an Electrochemical Continuous Multimarker Biosensor for Enhanced Glycemic Management

“…Last, EIS offers the user rapid results; the results are displayed in 90 seconds or less, all while the process stays manufacturer-friendly. 2 Most important, EIS has demonstrated novel success in multimarker detection on a single electrode surface 3 with the potential for continuous monitoring. 4 Multimarker detection is achieved via optimal binding frequency (OBF) based off the biological specificity from molecular recognition elements (MRE).…”

“…Verification and determination of OBFs specific to glycemic management has determined different OBF values for individual biomarkers. Shown in Figure 1A is the OBF for markers such as insulin at 810.5 Hz, 2 glucose at 1170 Hz, 1,5-anhydroglucitol 3,710 Hz, 6 glycated albumin at 1.18 Hz, and glycated hemoglobin of 547 Hz. Knowing the OBF allows for the use of a single electrode with multiple markers as shown in Figure 1B.…”