“…In engineering industries, steel plays a major role in transportation, gas turbines, aerospace, household utensils, and structural applications due to their durability under various environments and intrinsic characteristics such as strength, corrosion resistance, formability, high toughness, and excellent weldability [ 1 ]. Among the variety of steels, grade 410 Stainless Steel (SS410) is commonly used for the fabrication of dental and surgical equipment, bearings in aircraft industries, and nuclear applications due to its favorable properties such as high tensile strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, wear resistance, and creep behavior [ 2 ]. High strength and ductility properties are required in materials to meet the current industrial application.…”