Enhancing renal protection against cadmium toxicity: the role of herbal active ingredients

Abstract

Background Rapid industrialization globally has led to a notable increase in the production and utilization of metals, including cadmium (Cd), consequently escalating global metal pollution worldwide. Cd, characterized as a persistent environmental contaminant, poses significant health risks, particularly impacting human health, notably the functionality of the kidneys. The profound effects of Cd stem primarily from its limited excretion capabilities and extended half-life within the human body. Mechanisms underlying its toxicity encompass generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting calcium-signaling pathways and impairing cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. This review focuses on the protective effects of various herbal active ingredients against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity. Aim This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of action of herbal active ingredients, including ant-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways, to elucidate potential therapeutic strategies for reducing nephrotoxicity caused by Cd exposure. Methods A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, used relevant keywords to identify studies published up to October 2024. Results Research illustrates that herbal active ingredients protect against Cd nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibiting inflammation, preventing apoptosis, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, enhancing autophagy and improving mitochondrial function in the kidney. Conclusion The present study indicates that an extensive understanding of the protective effects of herbal active ingredients holds promise for the development of innovative approaches to safeguard human health and environmental integrity against the detrimental effects of Cd exposure.