“…The results from sensitivity analyses underline the importance for future researchers and practitioners to focus on enhancing VFA yield in the overall process (e.g., increase AM efficiency, reduce VFA loss from down- stream processes) and minimizing the cost related with VFA acidification (e.g., WBA cost reduction, WBA capacity increase). Enhancing VFA yield in AM can be achieved through several strategies: (1) employing tailored microbial consortia with higher VFA productivity and tolerance, 4 (2) increasing feedstock COD concentration or volatile solid loading rate, 15 (3) implementing multistage countercurrent operation strategy for high-solid content feedstocks, 35 (4) utilizing a codigestion approach with nutrient-rich feedstocks (e.g., food waste, manure) to maintain an optimal carbon and nitrogen ratio in the digester environment, 38 and ( 5) implementing pretreatment processes to increase digestibility of feedstocks. Additionally, ISPR presents a promising approach for further enhancing the VFA yield, but minimizing the associated OPEX and CAPEX is crucial for its expanded applications.…”