Enhancing Supplemental Effects of Acute Natural Antioxidant Derived from Yeast Fermentation and Vitamin C on Sports Performance in Triathlon Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

Abstract

This study investigated the acute effects of natural antioxidants, derived from yeast fermentation containing glutathione and dietary vitamin C supplementation, on metabolic function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, cardiac function, and antioxidant function during submaximal exercise in middle-aged triathlon athletes. Twelve participants (aged 49.42 ± 5.9 years) completed 90 min submaximal cycling trials corresponding to 70% maximal oxygen uptake with either vitamin C and glutathione (VitC+Glu), vitamin C (VitC), glutathione (Glu) supplementation, or placebo. Metabolic function (minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output [VCO2], respiratory exchange ratio [RER], oxygen pulse [O2pulse], carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure), skeletal muscle oxygenation (oxidized hemoglobin and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissue, total hemoglobin and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissue [tHb]), cardiac function (heart rate [HR], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction), and antioxidant function parameters (blood lactate, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione [GSH], diacron reactive oxygen metabolite [dROM], and biological antioxidant potential [BAP]) were measured during submaximal exercise and recovery. VCO2, RER, HR, blood lactate after exercise, and dROM were significantly lower, and O2pulse, tHb, and BAP were significantly higher for VitC+Glu than for the other trials (p < 0.05). In conclusion, combined vitamin C and glutathione supplementation was more effective in improving metabolic function, skeletal oxygenation, cardiac function, and antioxidant function during prolonged submaximal exercise in middle-aged triathletes.

Recent Advances in Micro- and Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials

“…There has been a lot of pioneering work in this field, such as the development of mucoadhesive creams based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) [202] and poly(methyl methacrylate) [203]. The majority of early research on mucoadhesion was done with traditional polymers in the form of tablets [204], powders [205,206], or films [207]. The promising results observed during the creation of these early mucoadhesive formulations suggested that mucoadhesion should be investigated further.…”

Vitamin C and glutathione supplementation: a review of their additive effects on exercise performance

“…We recently studied the effects of combined glutathione and vitamin C supplementation using an improved study design. We found that compared to vitamin C or glutathione single supplementation, acute vitamin C and glutathione complex supplementation in 12 middle-aged triathletes resulted in decreased carbon dioxide output, decreased heart rate, and positive improvements in skeletal muscle oxygenation during 90 min of cycling exercise at 70% VO 2max , as well as positive improvements in blood and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and diacron reactive oxygen metabolite(dROM) [ 85 ]. Except for the two papers mentioned above, no specific studies on the exercise performance effects of combined vitamin C and glutathione supplementation were found in the database search.…”