Enhancing the Durability of Calcareous Stone Monuments of Ancient Egypt Using CaCO3 Nanoparticles

Aldoasri, Mohammad A.; Darwish, S.; Adam, Mahmoud A.; Elmarzugi, Nagib Ali; Ahmed, Sayed M.

doi:10.3390/su9081392

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Used limestone samples are compatible with the chemical composition of the original material of studied archeological limestone. Afterwards, the surface of stone samples was cleaned by soft brush, then washed using distilled water, and dried in an oven at 105°C for at least 24 h to reach constant weight (Aldoasri et al 2017b;de Ferri et al 2011).…”

Section: Preparation Of Experimental Limestone Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of preventive performance of kaolin and calcium hydroxide nanocomposites in strengthening the outdoor carved limestone

Al-Dosari

Darwish

Adam

et al. 2018

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The conservation of ancient Egyptian outdoor carved limestone sculpture is an important issue. This type of artifact is generally exposed to complex weathering processes, and the resulting physico-chemical decay causes unwanted changes in the stone structure and surface. The conservation of carved limestone is a difficult task, requiring the use of materials which need to be compatible to both the original components and those added as part of a previous conservation treatment. The polymericnanocomposite materials-which are more and more used on cultural heritage-show promising results for the conservation and preservation of stone monuments, particularly in preventing or reducing future damages. The aims of this study are to characterize limestone used in the outdoor historic sculpture and to examine the efficiency of polymeric nanocomposites in the treatment and preservation of exposed archeological carved limestone. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of the effect of kaolin and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles to both the mechanical and the physico-chemical properties of an acrylic-based copolymer, in order to enhance significantly the polymer properties and its ability to protect and consolidate the weathered outdoor carved limestone. The polymer nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt mixing with a nanoparticle content of 5% (w/v). The stability and efficiency of the consolidation materials were tested by aging artificially the samples under different environmental conditions. The hydrophobic properties and the adsorption of the treatment materials by the stone were analyzed. Moreover, the properties of untreated and treated limestone samples were evaluated comparatively before and after aging by microstructural analysis (the surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy), by measuring the color variances (using spectrophotometry), and by mechanical tests. The results showed that treatment with Ca(OH) nanoparticles/polymer nanocomposite enhanced the durability of stone samples exposed to artificial aging; moreover, it showed higher compatibility in physico-chemical and mechanical properties with the original stone material compared to the samples treated with polymer nanoparticles. The treatment with kaolin nanoparticles/polymer nanocomposite was also effective and showed results second to the Ca(OH) nanoparticles/polymer nanocomposite. The test for hydrophobic properties of both nanocomposites also has a positive outcome and no color change on the surface was observed.

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Section: Preparation Of Experimental Limestone Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of preventive performance of kaolin and calcium hydroxide nanocomposites in strengthening the outdoor carved limestone

Al-Dosari

Darwish

Adam

et al. 2018

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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“…In addition to the nano-composites described in the previous sections, other hybrids based on nano-particles have been proposed for applications on materials of the Cultural Heritage. The most common products are: nano-calcite in acrylic matrices [108,109], chemically more compatible with carbonate stones, as an alternative to silica-based treatments; nano-silver particles [110] or Cu-nano-particles [111] in acrylate/methacrylate polymers, to impart antimicrobial properties; silica-calcium oxalate hybrids as consolidants [112]; nano-hydroxyapatite in silane/siloxane matrices for stone consolidation and protection [87,113]; cellulose nano-crystals in UV-light curable in siloxane-modified methacrylic resin for wood protection [6].…”

Section: Other Nano-particles For Hybridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Attribute of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Protection and Preservation of Materials (Stone and Wood) Belonging to Cultural Heritage

Frigione

Lettieri

2018

Coatings

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In order to protect a material belonging to Cultural Heritage (i.e., stone, wood) from weathering, and in turn to preserve its beauty and historical value for the future generations, the contact with external harmful agents, particularly water, must be avoided, or at least limited. This task can be successfully obtained with the use of a protective organic coating. The use of nano-metric reinforcing agents in conventional polymeric coatings demonstrated to be a successful route in achieving better protective performance of the films and improved physical properties, even in extreme environments. The present paper would, therefore, review the more recent findings in this field. Generally speaking, when a hydrophobic product is applied on its surface, the stone material will absorb less water and consequently, less substances which may be harmful to it. An efficient organic coating should also supply wear and abrasion resistance, resistance to aggressive chemicals, excellent bond to the substrate; finally, it should be also able to guarantee vapor exchange between the environment and the material interior, i.e., the material should keep the same water vapor permeability as if it was un-protected. To regard to the conservation of wood artifacts, protective treatments for wood will preserve the material from environmental agents and biological attack. Hence, potential advantages of hybrid (organic–inorganic) nano-composite coatings for stone/wood have been found to be: Enhanced mechanical properties in comparison to the pure polymeric matrix, due to the reinforcing effect of the nano-filler; superior barrier properties (the presence of the nano-filler hinders the ingress of water and/or potentially harmful chemicals); optical clarity and transparency. It has been found that the efficacy of a nano-filled coating strongly depends on the effectiveness of the method used to uniformly disperse the nano-filler in the polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the presence of nano-particles should not impair the viscosity of the organic matrix, in order to employ the conventional techniques of application for coatings.

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“…In this sense, new products and procedures have been recently designed to reduce the wetting ability of stone [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In the case of marble, research has been focused on the development of protective coatings [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, some of these coatings include toxic products or processes that are harmful to human health and the environment; in addition, there are other undesirable effects such as color, modifications, or reduction of water vapor permeability above the safe threshold in cultural heritage interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Laser Surface Texturing: A Sustainable Tool to Modify Wettability Properties of Marble

et al. 2019

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Conservation strategies to reduce the degradation of stone caused by the action of water are focusing on increasing the hydrophobicity of the surface by imitating existing solutions in nature (lotus leafs and others). These are mainly based on the existence of hierarchical roughness with micro- and nanoscale structures. In the case of marble, research has focused on protective coatings that sometimes are dangerous for the health and the environment, and with undesirable effects such as color changes or reduction of water vapor permeability of the stone. Laser texturing, however, is an environmentally friendly technique, because no chemicals or toxic waste are added and, moreover, it can process nearly all types of materials. It has been used to change the surface texture of metals and other materials on a micro or even nanometric scale, to meet a specific functional requirement, such as hydrophobicity. The objective of this work was to analyze the feasibility of this technique to provide hydrophobic properties to a marble surface without appreciable changes in its appearance. Therefore, an analysis of the irradiation parameters with ultra-short-pulse laser was performed. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability of this technique to provide hydrophobic character the marble (contact angles well above 90 ∘ ). Besides, the analysis of the treated surfaces in terms of roughness, color and gloss indicates that changes in the appearance of the surface are minimal when properly selecting the process parameters.

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Enhancing the Durability of Calcareous Stone Monuments of Ancient Egypt Using CaCO3 Nanoparticles

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of preventive performance of kaolin and calcium hydroxide nanocomposites in strengthening the outdoor carved limestone

Evaluation of preventive performance of kaolin and calcium hydroxide nanocomposites in strengthening the outdoor carved limestone

Novel Attribute of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Protection and Preservation of Materials (Stone and Wood) Belonging to Cultural Heritage

Ultrafast Laser Surface Texturing: A Sustainable Tool to Modify Wettability Properties of Marble

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