Enhancing the efficiency of electrochemical, Fenton, and electro-Fenton processes using SS316 and SS316/β-PbO2 anodes to remove oxytetracycline antibiotic from aquatic environments

The comparison of Fenton and photo‐Fenton oxidation as a primary unit process for the treatment of raw textile wastewaters

“…As the pH rises in the PFOP, catalyst regeneration slows down and the active Fe 2+ concentration in the medium decreases, preventing HO radical production. It has been reported in various studies that the photoactive Fe 2+ concentration is high and the undesired degradation of H 2 O 2 is minimized in PFOP occurring at low pH values (Hasani, Hosseini, et al, 2021; Ramos et al, 2019).…”

“…In addition, it is reported that AOPs will contribute to the protection of natural water resources as one of the more efficient, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly treatment processes compared to the traditional treatment methods (Doumic et al, 2015; Mohammadzadeh et al, 2015). Today, hydrogen peroxide (Dargahi et al, 2015), sulfate radicals using hydrogen peroxide and heat activation methods (Mokhtari et al, 2021), Fenton, photo‐Fenton (Çalık & Çifçi, 2022), UV‐assisted heterogeneous photo‐Fenton (Seidmohammadi et al, 2021), electro‐Fenton (Heidari et al, 2021), sono‐electro‐Fenton (Hasani et al, 2020), ozonation (Sarı et al, 2022), photocatalytic oxidation (Seid‐Mohammadi, Ghorbanian et al, 2020), electrochemical oxidation (Hasani, Hosseini, et al, 2021), sonolysis or hybrid process (Seid‐Mohammadi, Asgarai et al, 2020) are widely used IOPs (Kanakaraju et al, 2018). The basic working principle of AOPs is based on the formation of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) with an oxidation potential of 2.80 V in the reactor where the process takes place.…”

“… $$$$ {H}_2{O}_2+ h\upsilon \to 2\ {HO}^{\mdsmblkcircle } $$$$ $$$$ {Fe}^{3+}+{H}_2{O}_2+ h\upsilon \to {Fe}^{2+}+{HO}_2^{\mdsmblkcircle }+{H}^{+} $$$$ $$$$ Fe{(OH)}^{2+}+ h\upsilon \to {Fe}^{2+}+{HO}^{\mdsmblkcircle } $$$$ $$$$ {\left[ Fe\left( RC{O}_2\right)\right]}^{2+}+ h\upsilon \to {Fe}^{2+}+{CO}_2+{R}^{\mdsmblkcircle } $$$$ The high oxidation capacity of FOP and PFOP provides high efficiency at a relatively low cost. In addition, when compared to other AOPs, it is seen as an advantage that it can be applied without the need for special processes and is considered an environmentally friendly process (Hasani, Hosseini, et al, 2021; Kakavandi & Ahmadi, 2019; Ramos et al, 2019). The most important disadvantage of FOP and PFOP is the iron sludge formed at the end of the process and its disposal causes additional costs.…”

“…The high oxidation capacity of FOP and PFOP provides high efficiency at a relatively low cost. In addition, when compared to other AOPs, it is seen as an advantage that it can be applied without the need for special processes and is considered an environmentally friendly process (Hasani, Hosseini, et al, 2021;Kakavandi & Ahmadi, 2019;Ramos et al, 2019). The most important disadvantage of FOP and PFOP is the iron sludge formed at the end of the process and its disposal causes additional costs.…”

A Study Into the Alteration of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Activated Carbon Surface for Purifying Water

“…Thermal processing is a method for the separation that eliminates undesired components from a carbonaceous precursor by heating it to different temperatures (Kamal Hasani et al, 2021). This procedure is less costly than the other two and fulfils all environmental regulations, but the others need more expensive solutions to obtain the same goals.…”