“…In order to obtain nano-bainite, bainitic steels need to be heated at low temperatures for several hours or even days [ 1 , 2 ]. Distinctively, unlike other high-strength steels [ 3 , 4 ], ultra-fine nano-bainite steels can be fabricated without the need for costly alloying elements, swift heat treatments, or complex machining [ 5 , 6 ], thereby making them a favored option in numerous mechanical industries [ 7 ]. However, the bainite phase transition can be accelerated by optimizing the alloying composition, which includes adding Co and Al elements [ 8 , 9 ].…”