Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet with Malic acid: Effects on skin mucosal immunity, antioxidant defecne and growth performance

Abstract

The present study investigated possible effects of dietary malic acid on the expression of immunity, antioxidant and growth related genes expression as well as skin mucus immune parameters in common carp. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings were fed diets supplemented with different levels (0 [control], 0.5%, 1%, 2%) of malic acid (MA) for 60 days. The results revealed highest expression levels of immune-related genes (tnf-alpha, il1b, il8 and lyz) in skin of common carp fed 2% MA (P < 0.05). Regarding 1% MA treatment comparison with control group, significant difference was noticed just in case of lyz (P < 0.05). Evaluation of growth related genes expression revealed no significant difference between treatments (P > 0.05). The study of antioxidant related genes (gsta and gpx) in common carp skin fed with MA, showed significant difference between treated groups and control (P < 0.05). Carps fed with 2% MA had highest alkaline phosphatase activity in skin mucus compared other treated groups and control (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference between 0.5% and 1% and control (P > 0.05). The study of total protein and total immunoglobulin (Ig) in common carp skin musus revealed no alteration following MA treatment (P > 0.05). The present data demonstrated that feeding with MA altered immune and antioxidant genes expression in skin mucus of common carp.

EDTA detoxifies heavy metals on exposed beluga ( Huso huso ) with pollution stress: Growth performance, immunohaematology, blood biochemistry and antioxidant activity

“…More works are needed to illustrate this point. The positive effect of other acidifiers such as trans‐cinnamic acid (Yılmaz et al, 2019), sodium acetate (Safari, Hoseinifar, Dadar, Nejadmoghaddam et al, 2020) and malic acid (Safari, Hoseinifar, Dadar, 2020) in the improvement of antioxidant activities in fish is well‐known. When we match the antioxidant enzymes and liver function enzymes, it can be concluded that EDTA helped beluga to keep homeostasis related to oxidative stress at an optimum level.…”

Taurine metabolism is modulated in Vibrio-infected Penaeus vannamei to shape shrimp antibacterial response and survival

“…Similarly, bioflocs grown on glycerol as the carbon source could protect brine shrimp ( Artemia franciscana ) larvae against V. harveyi infection [ 83 ]. Although malic acid and aspartic acid have not been implicated in shrimp immune response, they can increase the immune response of aquatic animals, such as common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) [ 84 ] and zebrafish ( D. rerio ) [ 85 ]. The role of inosine and uridine in immune response has only been reported in mammals, including an anti-inflammatory effect of inosine in mice [ 86 ] and improved intestinal development and growth performance by uridine in piglets [ 87 ].…”

The effects of dietary stachyose as prebiotic on immunity and antioxidant related genes’ expression and lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Intestine samples were collected from three fish per replicate (i.e. nine per treatment), and stored in liquid nitrogen until further analysis (Safari et al, 2021). As described in our previous publication (Safari et al, 2020), the total RNA was isolated using a BIOZOL RNA extraction kit (Bioflux-Bioer, China).…”

“…Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were performed to study the effects of stachyose on the immunity and antioxidant defence gene expression as described in our previous publication (Safari et al, 2021). The sequences available in gene bank were used to design primer (see Table 2 for more details).…”