Enrichment of Multilocus Sequence Typing Clade 1 with Oral Candida albicans Isolates in Patients with Untreated Periodontitis

Abstract

cThis study investigated the prevalence and cell density of Candida species in periodontal pockets, healthy subgingival sites, and oral rinse samples of patients with untreated periodontitis. Twenty-one periodontitis patients underwent sampling at two periodontitis sites, and 19/21 of these patients underwent sampling at one periodontally healthy site. Both paper point and curette sampling techniques were employed. The periodontitis patients and 50 healthy subjects were also sampled by oral rinse. Candida isolates were recovered on CHROMagar Candida medium, and representative isolates were identified. Candida spp. were recovered from 10/21 (46.7%) periodontitis patients and from 16/50 (32%) healthy subjects. C. albicans predominated in both groups and was recovered from all Candida-positive subjects. Candida-positive periodontitis patients yielded Candida from periodontal pockets with average densities of 3,528 and 3,910 CFU/sample from curette and paper point samples, respectively, and 1,536 CFU/ml from oral rinse samples. The majority (18/19) of the healthy sites sampled from periodontitis patients were Candida negative. The 16 Candida-positive healthy subjects yielded an average of 279 CFU/ml from oral rinse samples. C. albicans isolates were investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine if specific clonal groups were associated with periodontitis. MLST analysis of 31 C. albicans isolates from periodontitis patients yielded 19 sequence types (STs), 13 of which were novel. Eleven STs belonged to MLST clade 1. In contrast, 16 C. albicans isolates from separate healthy subjects belonged to 16 STs, with 4 isolates belonging to clade 1. The distributions of STs between both groups were significantly different (P ‫؍‬ 0.04) and indicated an enrichment of C. albicans isolates in periodontal pockets, which warrants a larger study.

Comparison of Switching and Biofilm Formation between MTL -Homozygous Strains of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

“…First, C. dubliniensis is more often recovered from oropharyngeal samples (11). Second, C. dubliniensis is isolated in a majority of cases in combination with C. albicans (65)(66)(67)(68), which could explain why opaque cells of C. albicans are more stimulatory than opaque cells of C. dubliniensis in the growth of a C. dubliniensis biofilm. This evolutionary puzzle, therefore, warrants further exploration.…”

Interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome

“…C. albicans ) and of protozoa (e.g. Entamoeba gingivalis ) has been correlated with periodontitis [43, 44]. …”

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“…Induction of osteoclastogenesis due to cleavage of osteoprotegerin [30,49] C. rectus LPS: Stimulation of synthesis by gingival prostaglandin fibroblasts е2, il-1 and il-6 [32] Groel: Induces secretion by gingival cells il-6 and il-8 [38,45] T. denticola Chymotrypsin-like protease: Lysis of the components of the intercellular matrix (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, fibronectin, laminin, fibrinogen) [16,17] A. actinomycetocomitans 1. Activation TLR-4 and myd88: Stimulation of differentiation of blood monocytes into osteoclasts [22] 2.…”

“…[15][16][17] And so, the most important microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Treponema denticola.…”