Enrichment of the less polar ginsenoside (Rg3) from ginseng grown in New Zealand by post-harvest processing and extraction

Chen, Wei; Xu, Wenliang; Shi, Danxia; Balan, Prabhu; Popovich, David G.

doi:10.53388/tmr20210606233

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Ginsenoside Rg 3 is an important bioactive component in the traditional Chinese medicine plant P. ginseng . It has many functions in human health, such as anti‐tumor and anti‐cancer effects, and thus is of great interest to the pharmacy industry (Wang et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2021). Since traditional methods of Rg 3 production have many limitations and cannot meet the substantial market demand for the compound, a method for the biosynthesis of Rg 3 in yeast factories has been developed and proven to be effective in improving yields (Wang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, rolB , rolC , and the kanamycin resistance genes are important target genes for verifying successful and positive transgenic systems (Cui et al, 2015; Ma et al, 2017; Sedaghati et al, 2021). JA treatment and chemical transformation processing are widely used to enrich ginsenosides (Bae et al, 2004; Li et al, 2017; Chen et al, 2021). In this study, we used JA treatment to induce ginsenoside accumulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we used JA treatment to induce ginsenoside accumulation. Chemical transformation by heating and hydrolysis with lactic acid can improve the generation of ginsenoside Rg 3 from ginsenoside Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 , and Rd (Bae et al, 2004; Chen et al, 2021). Rd, which is the glycosylation product of ginsenoside Rg 3 , could be further glycosylated to biosynthesize ginsenoside Rb 1 , Rb 2 , and Rb 3 (Kang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dry GTGR samples (5 mg/L) were transferred into 100-mL flasks with 20 mL distilled water, which were autoclaved (121°C, 0.1 Mpa) for 40 min following a previous study (Chen et al, 2021). The supernatant was hydrolyzed by lactic acid at 60℃ for 5 h (Bae et al, 2004).…”

Section: Jasmonate Treatment and Chemical Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ginsenoside Rg 3 has extensive pharmacological properties (Wang et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2021), most notably anti‐cancer effects. Shenyi capsules, the first class I Chinese medicine monomer anti‐cancer drug independently developed in China, contain Rg 3 as a primary component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

Yao

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

JIPB

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The ginsenoside Rg3 found in Panax species has extensive pharmacological properties, in particular anti‐cancer effects. However, its natural yield in Panax plants is limited. Here, we report a multi‐modular strategy to improve yields of Rg3 in a Panax ginseng chassis, combining engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of a lignin biosynthesis gene, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). We first performed semi‐rational design and site mutagenesis to improve the enzymatic efficiency of Pq3‐O‐UGT2, a glycosyltransferase that directly catalyzes the biosynthesis of Rg3 from Rh2. Next, we used clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing to knock down the branch pathway of protopanaxatriol‐type ginsenoside biosynthesis to enhance the metabolic flux of the protopanaxadiol‐type ginsenoside Rg3. Overexpression of PAL accelerated the formation of the xylem structure, significantly improving ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation (to 6.19‐fold higher than in the control). We combined overexpression of the ginsenoside aglycon synthetic genes squalene epoxidase, Pq3‐O‐UGT2, and PAL with CRISPR/Cas9‐based knockdown of CYP716A53v2 to improve ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation. Finally, we produced ginsenoside Rg3 at a yield of 83.6 mg/L in a shake flask (7.0 mg/g dry weight, 21.12‐fold higher than with wild‐type cultures). The high‐production system established in this study could be a potential platform to produce the ginsenoside Rg3 commercially for pharmaceutical use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Jasmonate Treatment and Chemical Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

Yao

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

JIPB

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The Content and Principle of the Rare Ginsenosides Produced from Gynostemma pentaphyllum after Heat Treatment

Li,

Pei

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, rare ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, have many pharmacological effects, which have attracted extensive attention. They can be obtained through the heat treatment of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity (TG-DTG) were employed to investigate this process and the content change in ginsenosides was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). SEM and TG-DTG were used to compare the changes in the ginsenosides before and after treatment. In SEM, the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement was indicated by the observed deformation of vascular bundles and ducts. The before-and-after changes in the peak patterns and peaks values in TG-DTG indicated that the content of different kinds of compounds produced changes, which all revealed that the formation of new saponins before and after the heat treatment was due to the breakage or rearrangement of chemical bonds. Additionally, the deformation of vascular bundles and vessels indicated the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement. The glycosidic bond at the 20 positions could be cleaved by ginsenoside Rb3 to form ginsenoside Rd, which, in turn, gave rise to ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R). They were further dehydrated to form ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5. This transformation process occurs in a weak acidic environment provided by G. pentaphyllum itself, without the involvement of endogenous enzymes. In addition, the LC-MS analysis results showed that the content of ginsenoside Rb3 decreased from 2.25 mg/g to 1.80 mg/g, while the contents of ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 increased from 0.08 and 0.01 mg/g to 3.36 and 3.35 mg/g, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R) were almost not detected in G. pentaphyllum, and the contents of them increased to 0.035 and 0.23 mg/g after heat treatment. Therefore, the rare ginsenosides Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 can be obtained from G. pentaphyllum via heat treatment.

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Enrichment of the less polar ginsenoside (Rg3) from ginseng grown in New Zealand by post-harvest processing and extraction

Cited by 2 publications

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Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

The Content and Principle of the Rare Ginsenosides Produced from Gynostemma pentaphyllum after Heat Treatment

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Enrichment of the less polar ginsenoside (Rg3) from ginseng grown in New Zealand by post-harvest processing and extraction

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

The Content and Principle of the Rare Ginsenosides Produced from Gynostemma pentaphyllum after Heat Treatment

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Product

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Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis

Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg₃ accumulation in ginseng plant chassis