Enrichment of Tomato Paste with 6% Tomato Peel Increases Lycopene and β-Carotene Bioavailability in Men

Abstract

A high intake of tomato products is associated with a lower incidence of upper aerodigestive tract and prostate cancers. This beneficial effect might be explained by a higher intake of carotenoids such as lycopene and/or beta-carotene. Because tomato peels, usually eliminated during tomato processing, are a valuable source of these carotenoids, we designed a study to examine whether a tomato paste enriched in tomato peels (ETP, 6% peel) increases the absorption of these carotenoids compared to a classically made tomato paste (CTP). Carotenoid bioaccessibility was evaluated using an in vitro digestion model by measuring the amount of carotenoids transferred from the pastes to micelles. Carotenoid absorption by human intestinal cells (Caco-2) was evaluated after the addition of carotenoid-rich micelles (obtained from the in vitro digestion of the 2 pastes). Carotenoid bioavailability in humans was assessed by measuring chylomicron carotenoid responses in a postprandial experiment in which 8 healthy men consumed 2 meals containing either the ETP or the CTP. ETP contained 47.6 mg lycopene (58% more than CTP) and 1.75 mg beta-carotene (99% more than CTP) per 100 g of paste. In micelles, 30% more lycopene and 81% more beta-carotene were recovered after ETP than after CTP in vitro digestion. The amount of carotenoids absorbed by Caco-2 cells was 75% greater (P < or = 0.05) for lycopene and 41% greater (P < or = 0.05) for beta-carotene after the addition of micelles from ETP than from CTP. After ETP intake the chylomicron beta-carotene response was 74% greater than after CTP intake, and the lycopene response tended to be greater (34.1%, P = 0.093). Peel enrichment of tomato paste with tomato peel is an interesting option for increasing lycopene and beta-carotene intakes.

Tomatoes versus lycopene in oxidative stress and carcinogenesis: conclusions from clinical trials

“…There was also indication that the lycopene levels increased in a dose-dependent manner in the case of tomato sauce and tomato oleoresin. Reboul et al (2005) further demonstrated that enrichment of tomato paste with 6% tomato peel increases lycopene bioavailability in men, thereby suggesting the beneficial effects of peel enrichment, which are usually eliminated during tomato processing. Richelle et al (2002) compared the bioavailability of lycopene from tomato paste and from lactolycopene formulation (lycopene from tomato oleoresin embedded in a whey protein matrix), and reported similar bioavailability of lycopene from the two sources in healthy subjects.…”

Effect of the main dietary antioxidants (carotenoids, γ-tocopherol, polyphenols, and vitamin C) on α-tocopherol absorption

“…We therefore used an usual number of eight subjects with whom significant differences in carotenoid absorption had been observed previously (Cardinault et al, 2003;Riso et al, 2003;Tesoriere et al, 2004;Blum et al, 2005;Reboul et al, 2005b). Eight non-smoking, healthy male subjects, 20-40 years of age and with a body mass index under 24 kg/m 2 were selected by the Clinical Investigation Center (Sainte Marguerite, Marseille).…”

Effects of Dietary Lutein Sources on Lutein-Enriched Egg Production and Hepatic Antioxidant System in Laying Hens

“…To increase the efficiency of lutein bioavailabilty by means of dietary supplements in laying hens based upon the previous reports, it is thought that the dietary matrix is the most important factor that affects dietary lutein transfer into egg yolks. The lipid matrix of dietary components provided a better environment for lutein absorption, which stimulated the release of emulsifying bile acids by the gallbladder (Reboul et al, 2005). Another study also indicated that lutein from the emulsified lipid matrix was more readily absorbed into the blood than lutein from other sources, because of increasing intestinal absorption (Lakshminarayana et al, 2009).…”