Enrofloxacin induces intestinal disorders of metabolome and microbiome in American shad ( Alosa sapidissima )

Abstract

side effects and rapid action compared with other antibiotics (Liu et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016). With societal development, residual antibiotics flow into aquatic environments through wastewater systems from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, livestock and aquaculture (Fiaz et al., 2021). ENR has been detected in water, sediment, soil and animal tissue worldwide and ultimately enters the human body through the food chain (Huang et al., 2020). Growing evidence showed that ENR affected human health by eating several species, such as bivalves, crustaceans and fish (Ben et al., 2019). Moreover, ENR induces genotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and development toxicity in the organism and poses enormous threats to the environment and life (Chen et al., 2020;Gomes et al., 2020;Hu et al., 2014). Some researchers found that ENR disrupted early development and metabolic, affected the regulation of the NF-kappa B signalling pathway and altered reproduction behaviour in fish and

Enrofloxacin Induces Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Immunosuppression in Zebrafish

“…Recent studies suggest the general immunotoxicity of ENR in different fish species. For example, dysfunction of the immune system was shown in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) after a dietary exposure of 100 mg/kg ENR for 30 days . Our previous study found that ENR targeted primary fish macrophages and reduced the phagocytic function of macrophages that were mediated but not limited to the NF-kB pathway .…”

“…For example, dysfunction of the immune system was shown in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) after a dietary exposure of 100 mg/kg ENR for 30 days. 13 Our previous study found that ENR targeted primary fish macrophages and reduced the phagocytic function of macrophages that were mediated but not limited to the NF-kB pathway. 6 Other potential pathways and detailed mechanisms of ENR immunotoxicity are still largely unknown, particularly at the early life stage of high sensitivity.…”

Screening and characterization of sex-specific sequences through 2b-RAD sequencing in American shad (Alosa sapidissima)

“…The shad were introduced to China in 2003 and successfully cultured in freshwater indoor systems for nearly 20 years in China [ 15 ]. The shad has become one of the most expensive farmed species in China, which has prompted an upsurge in consumption [ 16 ]. However, shad has quite distinctive dimorphism in body size and behaviors between sexes.…”