Ensemble Approaches to Facial Action Unit Classification

Abstract

Abstract. Facial action unit (au) classification is an approach to face expression recognition that decouples the recognition of expression from individual actions. In this paper, upper face aus are classified using an ensemble of MLP (Multi-layer perceptron) base classifiers with feature ranking based on PCA components. This approach is compared experimentally with other popular feature-ranking methods applied to Gabor features. Experimental results on Cohn-Kanade database demonstrate that the MLP ensemble is relatively insensitive to the feature-ranking method but optimized PCA features achieve lowest error rate. When posed as a multi-class problem using Error-CorrectingOutput-Coding (ECOC), error rates are comparable to two-class problems (oneversus-rest) when the number of features and base classifier are optimized.

An incorporative statistic and neural approach for crop yield modelling and forecasting

“…This expansion process leads to the acquisition of 369 entries in total. Among these entries, we randomly select 40 entries as the testing data set and use the remaining 329 for training the chosen neural networks, this being close to the ratio of 90-10% recommended and/or used in other applications [18][19][20].…”