Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy

Structures of Trust: Britain and Russia Compared

“…Public and private functions were not marked off from one another. Peter the Great and his successors in the eighteenth century tried to introduce more rational and institutionalised forms of governance, but in practice continued to rely to a considerable extent on personal power (Hellie, 1971;Hosking, 2001, chapters 2-5;Volkov, 2000, 35-47).…”

War loss and political reform: An ongoing pattern in Russian history

“…Russia was once again lagging behind the most modern Western European armies and gave urgency to further reforms." 14 Charles's troops were unable to solidify control over Poland until 1707, but in 1708 the Russian army barely escaped a Downloaded by [Case Western Reserve University] at 13:46 08 December 2014 crushing defeat when Swedish troops overran the town of Grodno. Moscow was hurriedly fortified but avoided attack when Charles moved his forces south into the Ukraine.…”

“…In 1689 a follow-up campaign into the Crimea failed, with both losses being attributed to Golitsyn's near-total incompetence as a field commander. 9 Also in 1689, Russia's eastward expansion was halted by Chinese troops. After a failed offensive, a treaty was signed in Nerchinsk, with the Chinese stipulating that Russia abandon its claims to the Amur River Valley, thus eliminating the direct strategic access to the Sea of Okhotsk.…”

Утверждение Династии: Общественная Мысль И Государственная Идеология О Царской Власти Первых Романовых

“…В исследованиях Р. Хели «триумф пороховой революции» в России был отнесен к периоду 1654-1667 гг. (Hellie, 1971). Современный отечествен ный исследователь В. В. Пенской проанализировал возможности теории военной ре волюции применительно к российским условиям, отнеся окончательное становление регулярной армии европейского типа в нашей стране к первой четверти XVIII в.…”