ENSO effect on hydroclimate changes in southeastern China over the past two millennia

Holocene Variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Inferred From Chinese Speleothem δ18O Records

“…The tripolar rainfall mode (PC3) is consistent with the Holocene δ 18 O s variations from the North America monsoon region (Figure 5c, r = −0.23, EDOF = 88, p < 0.05), a good indicator for PDO variability (Asmerom et al., 2007). This result agrees with the concept that changes in PDO influence the tripolar pattern of Eastern China rainfall anomalies on inter‐decadal to multi‐centennial time scales (J. Chen et al., 2022; Sang et al., 2020; M. Wang et al., 2022). Furthermore, PC3 series correlates with the simulated ENSO variance (Figure 5d, r = 0.27, EDOF = 102, p < 0.01), confirming impact of the zonal tropical Pacific SST gradient (Z. Liu et al., 2014).…”

“…This result agrees with the concept that changes in PDO influence the tripolar pattern of Eastern China rainfall anomalies on inter-decadal to multi-centennial time scales (J. Chen et al, 2022;Sang et al, 2020;M. Wang et al, 2022).…”

“…During the positive phases of both the PDO and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) weakens and exhibits a reduced northward migration of the rain belt (J. Liu et al., 2020; M. Wang et al., 2022). This phenomenon effectively traps the rain belt over the Yangtze River Valley, leading to increased rainfall in CEC while simultaneously causing decreased rainfall in NEC and SEC (J. Chen et al., 2015, 2022; J. Liu et al., 2020; M. Wang et al., 2022). In addition, a 450‐year cycle of the PC3 series (Figure 6d) matches the periodicity of 444‐year seen in Holocene PDO record from the North America monsoon region (Asmerom et al., 2007).…”

“…This phenomenon effectively traps the rain belt over the Yangtze River Valley, leading to increased rainfall in CEC while simultaneously causing decreased rainfall in NEC and SEC (J. Chen et al, , 2022M. Wang et al, 2022).…”

Northern Hemisphere Summer Insolation and Ice Volume Driven Variations in Hydrological Environment in Southwest China

“…In the modern era and the Holocene, precipitation in central China exhibits an inverse phase within southern and northern China. The increased rainfall in central China corresponds to a decrease in southern and northern China, also known as the “tripolar” pattern (Figure S1 in Supporting Information ) (Chen et al., 2022; Chiang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). This pattern is difficult to observe in the δ 18 Oc records from the monsoon region in China because dynamical elements are not sufficiently well‐constrained, limiting the ability of δ 18 Oc to capture the ASM thermodynamic nature and the rainfall amount (Zhao, Cheng, et al., 2023).…”