Ensuring balanced distribution of prognostic factors in treatment outcome research.

Stout, Robert L.; Wirtz, Philip W.; Carbonari, Joseph P.; Boca, Frances K. Del

doi:10.15288/jsas.1994.s12.70

Cited by 440 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…'Urn' is a method of randomization used to balance a relatively large number of prognostic factors, when the sample size is not large enough to stratify on all of them. After each participant satisfies eligibility criteria and has a baseline assessment on the chosen balancing factors, the factor that is most unbalanced at that point in the trial is used to adjust the probability for that treatment assignment (Stout et al, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Elkashef

Rawson

Anderson

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

199

188

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Bupropion was tested for efficacy in increasing weeks of abstinence in methamphetamine-dependent patients, compared to placebo. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study, with 12 weeks of treatment and a 30-day follow-up. Five outpatient substance abuse treatment clinics located west of the Mississippi participated in the study. One hundred and fifty-one treatment-seekers with DSM-IV diagnosis of methamphetamine dependence were consented and enrolled. Seventy-two participants were randomized to placebo and 79 to sustained-release bupropion 150 mg twice daily. Patients were asked to come to the clinic three times per week for assessments, urine drug screens, and 90-min group psychotherapy. The primary outcome was the change in proportion of participants having a methamphetamine-free week. Secondary outcomes included: urine for quantitative methamphetamine, self-report of methamphetamine use, subgroup analyses of balancing factors and comorbid conditions, addiction severity, craving, risk behaviors for HIV, and use of other substances. The generalized estimating equation regression analysis showed that, overall, the difference between bupropion and placebo groups in the probability of a non-use week over the 12-week treatment period was not statistically significant (p ¼ 0.09). Mixed model regression was used to allow adjustment for baseline factors in addition to those measured (site, gender, level of baseline use, and level of symptoms of depression). This subgroup analysis showed that bupropion had a significant effect compared to placebo, among male patients who had a lower level of methamphetamine use at baseline (po0.0001). Comorbid depression and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder did not change the outcome. These data suggest that bupropion, in combination with behavioral group therapy, was effective for increasing the number of weeks of abstinence in participants with low-to-moderate methamphetamine dependence, mainly male patients, regardless of their comorbid condition.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Elkashef

Rawson

Anderson

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

199

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The low risk subjects (n=54) did not receive any early intervention. These three groups were carefully matched for age, gender, race, and time since original injury based upon an urn randomization procedure (12,13). There was no cost to patients assigned to the early intervention group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Gatchel

Polatin

Noe

et al. 2003

Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation

189

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“…Urn randomization helps insure equal representation between the medication and placebo groups of potentially confounding variables (Stout, Wirtz, Carbonari & Del Boca, 1994). Urn randomization variables were gender, social anxiety severity (baseline LSAS total score ≤ vs. > 76), and the presence of co-occurring major depressive disorder as determined by the SCID.…”

Section: Randomization To Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxetine reduces social anxiety in individuals with a co-occurring alcohol use disorder

Book¹,

Thomas²,

Randall³

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Patients with social anxiety disorder who are seen in clinical practice commonly have additional psychiatric comorbidity, including alcohol use disorders. The first line treatment for social anxiety disorder is selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs), such as paroxetine. However, the efficacy of SSRIs has been determined with studies that excluded alcoholics. Forty two subjects with social anxiety and a co-occurring alcohol use disorder participated in a 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of paroxetine for social anxiety in patients with co-occurring alcohol problems. Paroxetine was superior to placebo in reducing social anxiety, as measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale total and subscale scores and additional measures of social anxiety. This study provides the first evidence-based recommendation for the use of an SSRI to treat social anxiety in this patient population.

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Ensuring balanced distribution of prognostic factors in treatment outcome research.

Cited by 440 publications

References 8 publications

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Untitled

Paroxetine reduces social anxiety in individuals with a co-occurring alcohol use disorder

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