Entangled exchange: Reconceptualising the characterisation and practice of bodily commodification

A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework

“…Therefore, evaluations of the service quality are based on tourists' perceptions of the service performance of the provider. In the past two decades, the theory and practice of service quality has attracted considerable attention from both theoretical and practical knowledge [39]. Perceived quality is defined as the consumer' judgment about the superiority or excellence of a product the degree and direction of discrepancy between customers' perceptions and expectations [26].…”

Making invisible cattle: commodifying genomic knowledge in dairy cattle breeding

“…Commodities are performed into being through meticulous work by various "lay" and "expert" actors, human and non-human, attempting to agree on what properties attached to entities qualify them as subjects of economic activity (Callon et al 2002, 198;Parry 2008Parry , 1136. First of all, "commodity candidacy" is not inherently built into things (Parry 2008(Parry , 1136; it is only "a phase in the life of some things" (Dant 1999, 24), something that must be continuously worked upon. In addition, connecting commodity creation to markets helps to make sense of its dependency on the precarious "double movement" of detachment and attachment between the commodity, the market, and its various actors (Callon et al 2002, 201;Callon and Muniesa 2005).…”

“…In other words, commodity candidacy fails to be established if the potential customers do not become engaged with it, don't understand it, or significantly contest it (Parry 2008). As an example, genomic breeding technologies have been marketed as solutions to specific, perceived issues of the producers' world, such as the decreasing economic viability of dairy farms.…”

“…Thus, the view of commodity creation adopted here underlines that genomic knowledge in breeding can be neither understood nor judged in isolation from the relations which bring it into being (Parry 2008(Parry , 1143. Commodity candidacy always emerges in a specific context, constituted by the ecological, economic, cultural, and moral relations that entities embody in a particular place and time (Parry 2008;Joyce et al 2015).…”

“…In the next chapter I interweave theories of market creation (e.g. Callon et al 2002) and commodity creation (Parry 2004;2008), especially related to commodifying "life itself", to explore how this process has taken place and what may become of it. The empirical focus of this paper is on the Finnish market leader, a breeding co-op, and I use content and discourse analysis inspired by actor network theory to symmetrically examine the role of both human and non-human actors in the process of commodifying genomic knowledge.…”