Entangled Network Influenced by Carbon Black in Solution SBR Vulcanizates Revealed by Theory and Experiment

Abstract

The contribution of carbon black (CB) on changes in cross-link density and physical entanglement has been quantified by swelling and uniaxial stress–strain measurements considering Mooney–Rivlin parameters. Solution SBR (SSBR) vulcanizates with varying content of high abrasion furnace (HAF) CB were studied. Rubber–filler networks increase the cross-link density values, which were determined by using Flory–Rehner and modified Guth–Gold equations by equilibrium swelling study. The Mooney–Rivlin parameter C1 was quantified using cross-link density, whereas parameter C2, representing physical entanglement, was determined for filled rubber by correlating with tensile results. The parameter C2 is monitored to be decreased with increasing CB (HAF) loading. A simple parabolic trend for physical entanglement parameter with increasing CB loading is proposed, and it shows a correlation coefficient of 0.99595. Atomic force microscopy study confirms the generation of filler networking in the rubber matrix. The current findings elucidate a way for quantifying physical network changes due to fillers in an unfilled rubber system.

Influence of the Polarity of the Plasticizer on the Mechanical Stability of the Filler Network by Simultaneous Mechanical and Dielectric Analysis

“…The relaxation strength shown in Equation (1) is the difference between the static dielectric permittivity , also known as low frequency permittivity, and . gives the contribution of the orientation polarization to the dielectric function and evaluates the mean molecular dipole moment on the conditions that the present dipoles do not interact with each other and shielding effects are insignificant [ 19 ]. Since this is not the case for the SBR samples, no reliable conclusions can be drawn in this regard.…”

“…The internal space between the polymer chains is thus larger, and the free volume that allows the polymer chains to flow above their glass transition temperature increases [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. This new conformation of the polymer chains, in turn, increases their mobility and enhances the filler distribution in the rubber mixture [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Above a certain percolation threshold, a filler network is formed that reinforces the rubber compounds and provides the necessary mechanical stability [ 16 , 17 ].…”

“…Above a certain percolation threshold, a filler network is formed that reinforces the rubber compounds and provides the necessary mechanical stability [ 16 , 17 ]. This applies to both the carbon-based fillers such as carbon black and silica [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Indeed, the plasticizer type strongly affects the mechanical properties of rubber products due to a shift in the glass transition temperature.…”

Hyper‐viscoelastic characterization of highly filled rubber compound: Extending approach for geometrical defect analysis

“…Numerous well accepted hyperelastic constitutive models developed based on the entropy change are Mooney-Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, Arruda-Boyce, Ogden, Yeoh, etc. [17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] A comparison between 20 different hyperelastic models was shown by Marckmann and Verron. [19] These constitutive models are valid and correlated for a specific finite deformation state, sub-defined for small and larger deformation.…”

“…Mooney-Rivlin and Neo-Hookean models are considered for defining the small-scale deformation for the filled rubber compound. [20,26] For large deformation, constitutive models are further described in phenomenological and chain models such as Ogden, Yeoh, Arruda-Boyce, etc., for defining filled rubber compounds. [21,[26][27][28] Sullivan [29] executed a biaxial test on carbon-black filled elastomer describing Ogden strain energy function as an excellent representation of multiaxial data.…”