Enteric Bacteriological Studies in a Large Colony of Primates*

Schneider, Nathan J.; Prather, Erin; Lewis, Arthur L.; Scatterday, James E.; Hardy, Albert V.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb50013.x

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This information is particularly useful for facilities with outdoor-housed populations of rhesus macaques, and can both inform prevention and mitigation strategies, and shape future research. As with previous studies, we demonstrate a strong correlation between diarrhea morbidity and mortality [Elmore et al, 1992; Good et al, 1969; Sauer et al, 1960; Schneider et al, 1960]. We also identify risk factors and highlight specific groups—females in shelters—with lower diarrhea incidence rates and higher diarrhea-associated mortality rates, and groups—generally male—with higher diarrhea incidence rates and lower diarrhea-associated mortality rates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Certainly pathogens play a role in diarrhea development, but less than half of the animals with diarrhea have an identifiable pathogen. Two of most commonly implicated bacterial agents, Shigella and Campylobacter spp., are frequently isolated from clinically healthy animals [Hird et al, 1984; Schneider et al, 1960; Sestak et al, 2003]. Studies have linked adenovirus with diarrhea in captive macaques [Oberste et al, 2008; Sestak et al, 2003] but adenovirus DNA is also readily found in fecal samples of asymptomatic monkeys [Roy et al, 2012].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 1955, infection control plans reduced the overall mortality rate to 7.6% of the 36,248 animals imported, but did not prevent the spread of enteric disease [Schneider et al, 1960]. Sixty years later, diarrhea remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality for captive macaques [Elfenbein & McCowan, 2012; Gomez et al, 2003; Habermann & Williams, 1957; Holmberg et al, 1982; Russell et al, 1988; Schneider et al, 1960]. Diarrheal disease is particularly challenging to manage in social housing environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Prongay

Park

Murphy

2013

American J Primatol

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Seventy-five percent of rhesus macaques at national primate research centers are housed outside. Annually, 15–39% of these animals experience diarrhea and require veterinary treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or weight loss. An estimated 21–33% of these patients will die or be euthanized. Many studies have explored the various infectious etiologies of non-human primate diarrhea. However, there is little published information on diarrhea incidence rates and risk factors in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques. Without this information, it is challenging to determine endemic and epidemic diarrhea levels, or to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to calculate diarrhea incidence rates for rhesus macaques (N = 3,181) housed in three different outdoor housing types (corrals, shelters, and temporary housing) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. With multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined the relative risk of housing type, sex, and age on development of diarrhea. Diarrhea incidence and mortality in our population was lower than many published ranges. Type of outdoor housing, age, and previous diarrhea episode were positively correlated with diarrhea risk. Younger animals in smaller shelters and temporary housing had a greater risk of acquiring diarrhea, with juvenile animals (0.7–3.9 years) having the highest mortality rate. Sex was not a risk factor, but adult females with diarrhea were more likely to develop life-threatening complications than adult males. We also constructed a predictive model for diarrhea-associated mortality using Classification and Regression Tree. Findings from this study will be used to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies in our outdoor-housed population and to provide a foundation for genetic susceptibility and immune function testing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Prongay

Park

Murphy

2013

American J Primatol

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“…Of these, 103 animals were euthanized because of severe, acute colitis or chronic colitis and wasting, resulting in a mortality rate of 3.2% (Prongay et al 2013). Similar rates have been reported elsewhere (Hird et al 1984;Schneider et al 1960).…”

Section: Acute and Chronic Colitis In Rhesus Macaquessupporting

confidence: 66%

The Value of Extended Pedigrees for Next-Generation Analysis of Complex Disease in the Rhesus Macaque

Vinson¹,

Prongay²,

Ferguson³

2013

ILAR Journal

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Complex diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, among many others) pose the biggest threat to human health worldwide and are among the most challenging to investigate. Susceptibility to complex disease may be caused by multiple genetic variants (GVs) and their interaction, by environmental factors, and by interaction between GVs and environment, and large study cohorts with substantial analytical power are typically required to elucidate these individual contributions. Here, we discuss the advantages of both power and feasibility afforded by the use of extended pedigrees of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) for genetic studies of complex human disease based on next-generation sequence data. We present these advantages in the context of previous research conducted in rhesus macaques for several representative complex diseases. We also describe a single, multigeneration pedigree of Indian-origin rhesus macaques and a sample biobank we have developed for genetic analysis of complex disease, including power of this pedigree to detect causal GVs using either genetic linkage or association methods in a variance decomposition approach. Finally, we summarize findings of significant heritability for a number of quantitative traits that demonstrate that genetic contributions to risk factors for complex disease can be detected and measured in this pedigree. We conclude that the development and application of an extended pedigree to analysis of complex disease traits in the rhesus macaque have shown promising early success and that genome-wide genetic and higher order -omics studies in this pedigree are likely to yield useful insights into the architecture of complex human disease.

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“…Dairy calves with diarrhea have lower weight gain and higher mortality than healthy peers. For captive macaques, diarrhea has been a significant source of morbidity and mortality (Habermann & Williams, 1957; Holmberg, Leininger, Wheeldon, Slater, Henrickson & Anderson, 1982; Schneider, Prather, Lewis, Scatterday & Hardy, 1960; Russell, Krugner, Tsai & Ekstrom, 1988). Infant rhesus macaques with diarrhea were negatively associated with survival and infants were particularly vulnerable to diarrhea (Prongay, Byung & Muprhy, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard growth and diarrhea‐associated growth faltering in captive infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Haertel

Prongay

Gao

et al. 2018

American J Primatol

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Reference growth studies of captive rhesus macaque infants have not accounted for diarrhea and the potential for growth stunting or growth faltering. Healthy infants without diarrhea could be used to build a standard growth chart and a tool used to detect growth faltering associated with diarrhea. We hypothesized infants who develop diarrhea during the first year of life would experience decreased linear weight gain compared to healthy infants, and we used healthy infants to establish standard growth of male and female infants. We hypothesized the lower 3rd percentile of standard growth would be cut-off criteria used in screening for diarrhea-associated growth faltering. Using a retrospective cohort of 6510 infant weight records in a multiple linear regression, daily weight gain through the first year of life was determined by sex, housing type, and health status. Male standard growth was 4.1 g/day (95% CI: 4.0 – 4.2 g/day) in corrals and 4.7 g/day (95% CI: 4.5 – 4.8 g/day) in shelter housing. Female standard growth was 4.0 g/day (95% CI: 3.8 – 4.2 g/day) in corrals and 4.4 g/day (95% CI: 4.0 – 4.7 g/day) in shelter housing. Diarrhea was significantly associated with decreased linear weight gain by up to 34% during the first year of life. Odds of growth faltering of infants, defined as those falling below the 3rd percentile of standard growth, were at least 8.9 higher given a history of diarrhea compared to healthy. The growth faltering cut-off criteria had a sensitivity of at least 53% for males and females to screen for diarrhea in infants between 6 and 12 months in shelters housing. Interinstitutional collaborations of infant rhesus macaque weight records would refine the standard growth charts and cut-off criteria, and additional morphometric data would provide a more nuanced picture of growth stunting

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Enteric Bacteriological Studies in a Large Colony of Primates*

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

The Value of Extended Pedigrees for Next-Generation Analysis of Complex Disease in the Rhesus Macaque

Standard growth and diarrhea‐associated growth faltering in captive infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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