Enteric Glia

Gulbransen, Brian D.

doi:10.4199/c00113ed1v01y201407ngl002

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…To visualize glial cells within the zebrafish ENS at these stages, we utilized immunoreactivity of the zebrafish-specific Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) antibody (Genetex GTX128741). GFAP is expressed in glial cells, including enteric glia 24 . This antibody labeled glial cells within the zebrafish CNS; in all sections there was a high degree of discrete immunoreactivity of GFAP throughout the brain ( Fig In all sections of the gut, GFAP + and Acet-Tub + immunoreactive cellular processes span circumferentially around the outer layer of the gut tube, denoting the myenteric plexus of the ENS ( Fig.3-5).…”

Section: Axon and Glial Cell Localization In The Maturing Larval mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation of a neuropil pattern

Baker

Meyer

Tsang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The gastrointestinal tract is constructed with an intrinsic series of interconnected ganglia that span its entire length, called the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS exerts critical local reflex control over many essential gut functions; including peristalsis, water balance, hormone secretions and intestinal barrier homeostasis. ENS ganglia exist as a collection of neurons and glia that are arranged in a series of plexuses throughout the gut: the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus. While it is known that enteric ganglia are derived from a stem cell population called the neural crest, mechanisms that dictate final neuropil plexus organization remain obscure. Recently, the vertebrate animal, zebrafish, has emerged as a useful model to understand ENS development, however knowledge of its developing myenteric plexus architecture was unknown. Here, we examine myenteric plexus of the maturing zebrafish larval fish histologically over time and find that it consists of a series of tight axon layers and long glial cell processes that wrap the circumference of the gut tube to completely encapsulate it, along all levels of the gut.By late larval stages, complexity of the myenteric plexus increases such that a layer of axons is juxtaposed to concentric layers of glial cells. Ultrastructurally, glial cells contain glial filaments and make intimate contacts with one another in long, thread-like projections. Conserved indicators of vesicular axon profiles are readily abundant throughout the larval plexus neuropil. Together, these data extend our understanding of myenteric plexus architecture in maturing zebrafish, thereby enabling functional studies of its formation in the future.

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Section: Axon and Glial Cell Localization In The Maturing Larval mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation of a neuropil pattern

Baker

Meyer

Tsang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Most of the enteric glial receptors for neuroactive compounds are G-protein-coupled receptors, and most of these leads to activation of downstream effectors that elevate intracellular Ca 2+ . As mentioned by Gulbransen in his book (2014, p. 28) [22], being able to detect the increase in Ca 2+ levels was essential to establish that neuron-glial communication occurs in ENS and to identify involved mediators. The study realized by McClain et al [21] also showed the role of Cx43 hemichannels in the propagation of "calcium waves" through the enteric glia network and in the regulation of GI motility [21].…”

Section: Formation Of the Gut Glial Network And The Communication Thrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the Cx43 hemichannels, EGCs also have sodium, potassium, and aquaporin-4 channels, whose presence and subtypes vary among their subtypes. Aquaporin channels, for example, are expressed in EGCs within the plexus, but not in extraganglionic EGCs [22].…”

Section: Formation Of the Gut Glial Network And The Communication Thrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boesmans et al [51] demonstrated that enteric neurons can communicate with adjacent EGCs, releasing purines through their panexin channels. In fact, ATP and purines are the most ubiquitous signaling molecules involved in the enteric transmission of neurons to glia in vitro [52, 53] and in situ [21,23,[54][55][56], but EGCs also have other receptors that allow glia to initiate responses to neurotransmitters released by neurons and other neuroactive substances, including receptors to norepinephrine, glutamate, thrombin, lipid signaling molecules, serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, and endothelin [22].…”

Section: Functions Of Egcs In Gut Homeostasis: Released Factors By Egmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Enteric Glial Network Acts in the Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis and in Intestinal Disorders

Coelho-Aguiar¹,

Veríssimo²,

Costa³

et al. 2020

Glia in Health and Disease

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The enteric nervous system (ENS), also known as second brain, innervates our gastrointestinal tract controlling its functions, such as motility, fluid secretion, nutrient absorption, and even involvement in the control of immunity and inflammatory processes. In the gut, the gliocytes are known as enteric glial cells (EGCs). Enteric glial cells form a network that permeates the entire gut. Enteric glia express the cell surface hemichannel of connexin-43 (Cx43) necessary for the propagation of Ca2 + responses, necessary to maintain their functions. In this chapter, besides the development of ENS and its glial cells and the similarities with the astrocytes in the central nervous system, we approached the important role of the glial network in the control of gut homeostasis, in the interaction with the immune system, and its participation in pathological conditions. EGCs are even capable of replacing lost neurons. Thus the enteric glia is a multifunctional cell, which through its multiple interactions maintains the integrity of the ENS allowing it to be resistant to the different and constant aggressions suffered by the digestive system.

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“…The ENS is comprised of neurons and glial cells which are distributed in the myenteric and the submucosal plexus (8). Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are more abundant than enteric neurons (9) and are tightly packed around enteric neurons. Injured EGC lose functions of neuronal maintenance and survival and have been linked with ENS abnormalities (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation improves gastric emptying and activates enteric glial cells via upregulation of GFAP and S100B with different courses of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats

Wang

Song

Chen

2017

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Previous research and clinical practice have indicated that damage to the vagal nerve may seriously affect gastrointestinal physiological movement behavior. The aim of the current study was to observe the change of gastric motility, as well as enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the stomach with different courses of vagal nerve transection in rats prior to and following synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation. The gastric emptying rates were measured to assess the gastric motility. The glial markers, containing calcium binding protein (S100B) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and double‑labeling immunofluorescence analysis. Ultrastructural changes of EGCs were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Gastric emptying was delayed in the terminal vagotomy group, compared with the terminal control group. The effect of long‑term synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) was superior to short‑term SGES in terminal groups. The expression levels of S100B/GFAP were markedly decreased in the terminal vagotomy group compared with the terminal control group. Following short‑term or long‑term SGES, S100B/GFAP gene and protein expression increased in terminal groups. However, long‑term SGES was more effective than short‑term SGES and the difference was statistically significant. Vagal nerve damage leads to gastric motility disorder and weakens the function of EGCs. Therefore, SGES may improve stomach movement behavior and restore the impaired EGCs. The underlying mechanism of the effect remains elusive, but maybe associated with activation of EGCs.

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Enteric Glia

Cited by 20 publications

References 127 publications

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation of a neuropil pattern

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation of a neuropil pattern

The Enteric Glial Network Acts in the Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis and in Intestinal Disorders

Synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation improves gastric emptying and activates enteric glial cells via upregulation of GFAP and S100B with different courses of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats

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