Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen

Ramos, Sónia; Silva, Vanessa; Dapkevicius, Maria de Lurdes Enes; Igrejas, Gilberto; Poeta, Patrícia

doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0393.v1

Cited by 53 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…This is not surprising as enterococci are the third-highest common organisms in UTIs, and they also form part of the microflora in the gut of humans. 61 Studies that analyzed multiple clinical specimen isolated more VRE strains than studies that analyzed just one type of clinical specimen. The presence of enterococci in different clinical specimen can be attributed to their presence in the gut as normal flora and their ability to cause varieties of infections ranging from UTI to bacteremia to endocarditis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among Nigerians

Orababa

Soriwei

Akinsuyi

et al. 2021

Porto Biomedical Journal

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Background: Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens and are one of the most important bacteria in hospital-acquired infections. Their resistance to antibiotics such as vancomycin has led to life-threatening and difficult-to-treat nosocomial infections. The true prevalence in clinical settings in Nigeria is not well known due to the lack of a comprehensive antibiotic surveillance system. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in clinical infections in Nigeria. Methods: Databases (PubMed, African Journal Online , and Google scholar) were searched following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statements for articles reporting VRE prevalence, and were published before August 5, 2020. Data from the studies were extracted and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA 3.0), respectively. The pooled prevalence of VRE was estimated with the random-effects model and the 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity level was assessed using Cochran Q and I 2 tests. Results: A total of 35 articles were scanned for eligibility, among which 7 were included in the study after fulfilling the eligibility criteria. The studies analyzed a total of 832 enterococci isolates and 90 VRE strains. The prevalence of Enterococcus faecium and E faecalis in this study are 361 (59.3%) and 248 (40.7%), respectively, among which 41 (63.1%) of the E faecium and 24 (36.9%) of the E faecalis were vancomycin resistant. The pooled prevalence of VRE was estimated at (95% CI; 10.0–53.9%; I 2 = 93.50%; P < .001). The highest prevalence of VRE was reported from western Nigeria, 14.6% (95% CI; I 2 = 97.27; P < .001). Conclusion: The prevalence of VRE in Nigeria according to the reports from this study is relatively high. The report of this study should help policymakers to put in place measures that will help curb the spread of VRE and associated resistant genes to other important clinical pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among Nigerians

Orababa

Soriwei

Akinsuyi

et al. 2021

Porto Biomedical Journal

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“…2014; Ramos et al . 2020). In contrast, Enterococcus species are also one of the main Gram‐positive microorganisms associated with nosocomial infections, which are responsible for up to 10% of these infections and some species have been described as causing outbreaks worldwide (García‐Solache and Rice 2019; Guerin et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of multidrug‐resistantEnterococcus faeciumisolated from environmental samples

Santos

Furlan

Gallo

et al. 2021

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…Disappearance of E. faecium and E. faecalis in this study remains unclear, but similar finding has been reported by Ayeni et al (2016). Even though, E. faecium and E. faecalis rank as the second and third most important nosocomial pathogens worldwide (Zhang et al, 2017;Ramos et al, 2020), other species of Enterococcus should not be neglected. With the ability to acquire and transmit antibiotic resistant genes to other species, it poses a significant treatment challenge which leads to increment of treatment failure, relapse, and higher rates of mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia

Nasir¹,

Chan²,

Harun³

et al. 2021

MJM

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Aims: Linezolid has become a decisive therapy in treating infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Currently, the emergence of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus further complicates the therapeutic options and leads to global health threat not only in hospital setting but in the community. The study aimed at antimicrobial pattern of Enterococcus isolated from 6 poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methodology and results: Between February and December 2019, 300 broiler cloacal swab sample (Gallus gallus domesticus) were collected and screened for linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) using a standard biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Among all the samples, 32.3% (n=97/300) grew Enterococcus, 71.1% (n=69/97) of it were identified Enterococcus casseliflavus by molecular identification, whilst remaining isolates 28.9% (n=28/97) were further identified as Enterococcus gallinarum by 16S rRNA sequencing. None of the isolates were found to exhibit highlevel resistance to vancomycin. However, 3/97 (3.1%) were exhibit resistance to high-level gentamicin based on Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Whereas 48/97 (49.5%) of isolates were observed to be resistant to ampicillin, 28/97 (28.9%) were resistant to penicillin. Surprisingly, among the two strains isolated, 18.6% (n=18/97) of it were resistant to linezolid. Isolates showed resistance to linezolid by disk diffusion test were verified by VITEK-2 automated system (bioMerieux, USA) with MIC ≥8 µg/mL. All antimicrobial susceptibility test and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: In conclusion, this study has reported the prevalence of linezolid resistant Enterococcus (LRE) in highly intrinsic antibiotic resistant of E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum in Malaysia poultry farms, alongside with the truancy of vanA strains. The emergence of LRE strains is an alarming problem to the animal husbandry and healthcare setting worldwide. This could lead to potentially untreatable and life-threatening enterococcal infections. Even more worrying is the spread of LRE to geographical regions where these strains were previously unreported, which may pose a global health threat. Antimicrobial surveillance in poultry husbandry is thus, dimly necessary to prevent wide spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen

Cited by 53 publications

References 55 publications

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among Nigerians

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among Nigerians

Occurrence of multidrug‐resistantEnterococcus faeciumisolated from environmental samples

Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia

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